Business Process Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Process Management - Case Study Example Making decisions that concern the utilization of such resources require the consideration of several factors including legal, cultural and social factors among others. The decision makers in the organization must carry out extensive researches to determine the acceptance of their operations in the society. The organization should determine the thought of the society on their intended use of the resources. This compels the organization to consult with the society on a regular basis in order to avert social strife from the societies among which they operate. To do this effectively, the organization must always provide incentives to the societies with the view of influencing them into liking the operations of the organization and their intended utilization of the resources. This will include the compliance with the set legal policies and regulations since the organization has no control over such. Additionally, the organization will thereafter provide such incentives in the form of carr ying out social responsive investing, this way the organization benefits increased revenue and persuades the mindset of the society into likening the operations of the organization. A fundamental effect of utilizing the resources is pollution that requires effective consideration. The utilization of any of such resources may result in the pollution of any of the naturally existing resources shared by the entire community. Making a decision on the use of any of the resources must consider the extent and type of pollution that such actions may have on the environment. The pollution of the resources is likely to affect the lives of everyone in the society thus amounting to the infringement of human rights. The pollution of the environment causes several effects on the health of the people depending on the resources either directly or indirectly. Their entitlement to a safe and clean environment accords them the right to sue anybody who threatens the sustainability of the environment by encouraging pollution. Another equally important factor considered when making such decisions is the depletion rate of the resources. Despite being natural, the resources are likely to deplete with subsequent extraction. The managers of any project seeking to harvest such resources must consider the effect of the resources on the rest of the community and the nature of the resources. Preservation of both the environment and the resources is therefore key in the utilization of the resources. With the consideration of the depletion rate of the environment, mangers thus employ methods that do not corrode the environment thus minimizing the effects of the extraction process. The consideration of the two factors among many others is a responsibility of the management of the organization utilizing the natural resources. They must consider the interests of the society most of which are safeguarded by the governments. Effective economies have government policies that govern the utilization of the resources with the view of protecting the interests of the society that benefits communally from resources. The decision making process thus becomes a multi layered process that considers the interests of everyone benefiting from the resources.

Innovation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Innovation - Term Paper Example In the global societies, the organization needs to be rebuild in order to navigate themselves out from the economic and social morass and it is through innovations that an organization can get there, but the organization and leaders are usually focused on status quo. An innovative organization creates people, process and philosophies to create, support and nurture innovation (Sorenson, 2011). This project would deal with the innovation strategy adopted by Vodafone, Vodafone group Plc is the world’s largest mobile telecommunications, with its presence in Europe, Asia, Africa, Middle East and the United States. Current Business Situation The company current strategy titled, a stronger Vodafone to a more valuable Vodafone comprised of four main components. They are, to focus mainly on the new areas of growth like by entering into emerging markets, introducing new service and many more. Next to deliver value and efficiency by driving off cost effectiveness and operational effectiv eness, thirdly, to generate liquidity and lastly apply the capital for the investment of the company (Vodafone Group Plc, 2011, p.3). The company, Vodafone primarily focused mainly on its expansion strategy in the emerging countries where there is a potential growth. The enterprise customers of Vodafone range from small-office-home office business to small to medium sized enterprises. The company has 34 million customers as enterprises comprising of 9% and about 23% of service revenue. In 2010 Vodafone acquired Quickcomm and TnT Expense management. This acquisition has strengthened the ability of the company to provide the enterprise customers with a greater visibility and control. As an innovation strategy, Vodafone has been working with its partner Novartis on a health project (Vodafone, 2011). Strength Vodafone is one of the largest mobile phone operators by terms of revenue had planned to focus more on the high growth strategy in India and as time Vodafone has been able to do it by introducing more low cost handsets, wireless connectivity and finally being a good corporate citizen and is India’s fourth largest mobile operator (Lall, 2007). Vodafone’s one of the successful strategy was the introduction of ZooZoo in the year 2009, the new brand ambassadors of Vodafone. This character was successful in repositioning the brand. The Indian Premier League 2 (IPL2) was chosen as the platform for Vodafone to launch their advertisements made on ZooZoo, which proved to a great marketing strategy for Vodafone. With the success of the ZooZoo character the company has launched many ZooZoo goodies such as Zoozoo mugs, toys, t-shirts, key chains and many more. This step was seen as one of the major step taken by the company in the form of innovation. Vodafone is the only company which has come up with such a concept of ZooZoo and has proved to be essential in attracting the customers. Weakness A major weakness of Vodafone was reported to be the network cove rage. It did not have a widely accepted coverage and the customers often complained about the network and also customer service. The company did not invest much in the R&D which led to the dissatisfaction of the customers. Opportunity The current market situation of the company is showing a steady rise not only in India but also in UK. Vodafone profits have rose as about 9.4 million new customers have joined up Vodafone. It

TV Addiction Problem

TV Addiction Problem Running head: TV ADDICTION: A GROWING PROBLEM TV addiction- A Growing Problem Most people of my generation have never known life without television. We have grown up sitting in the living room in front of the flickering TV screen. It is hard for us to see how television affects our lives. The belief that television is destructive to communication among family and friends is quite common. On the other hand, television has increased the speed at which information travels, and it can transfer circumstances and images into our homes that previous generations never had. People tend to idealize the past; they imagine a group of family and friends entertaining themselves by playing games and telling stories around a warm fireplace, but I do not think that TV can be blamed for the lack of communication among family and friends. Without a doubt, television is one of the most powerful means of communicating in the past decade, competing with other forms of communication such as the Internet, telephone, movies, cellular phones, and of course, our speech. Due to its extensive availability and enriched media with images and sounds, it is very difficult to keep it away from our lives. Television is a necessity of our lives like our meals, clothing, and home. At first, the broadcasting industry was started for public purposes. Nowadays, as to the influences of television, some people say that television offers a relaxing time and useful information to us while others argue that television does not always have a good effect on us because of its hindrance to communication among people. However, television provides us with rich topics to talk about and a chance to get together with each other. Most of all, television helps us communicate with others. We watch television almost every evening with our family. For example, my father and I enjoy watching news or knowledge-based documentary programs. Watching these programs we sometimes discuss current affairs such as the Presidential election or economic problems. Likewise, hot issues on television like news or trendy programs are the most common topics among my friends in my college. If some of them did not watch television the previous night, they cannot even take part in the discussion becaus e they have nothing to talk about. In this respect, since television provides us with various topics related to our lives, it helps us form our sense of intimacy with family or friends. Next, television promotes our communication because it offers a chance to get together with families or friends. Nowadays, most people are so busy that they do not have much time to spend with family and friends. However, through TV programs, we can have a chance to get along with them. For instance, when the 2002 World Cup was held in Korea, many people had a great time with their family or friends. To watch soccer games, we gathered in front of TV with friends or family who we were alienated from for a long time. Consequently, such TV programs help us build up closer human relationships among people. Thus, I think television plays an important role in promoting communication with family or friends. â€Å"Children are more likely to become actively engaged with anything that attracts them. Especially, television provides great interests with its variety of sounds and images to children†. They immediately desire for watching it whether content is neither too easy not too difficult to understand. By its providing some challenge, television allows them to gain an abundant vocabulary. Just like our muscles, the brain gets stronger when it is used, and declines when it isnt used. Television is so commonly criticized as being bad for children that an important fact sometimes gets overlooked†. (ScienceDaily, 2001) Some types of television viewing may actually enhance childrens intellectual development. Television contains an enormous variety of forms and content. In a study, the effects of television viewing depended on program content.† There are always bad effects on children watching TV. Children who are TV viewers increasingly view life as an entertainment extravaganza in which they are fond of playing role in TV show, and there are aggressive content of current broadcasting that greatly affect children. Besides, it is inevitable to watch TV without facing revolting violence. Once more, the effects of television viewing depend on program content and genre. Children are required to be advised what right TV program to watch by their parents. (Carter Bill, 1996) Children have no ability of choosing what is good or bad.Parents and teachers restrain childrens watching TV which is just ignoring their needs. Parents and teacher should be responsible for teaching how to manage their time and what benefits children acquire while watching TV. (Austin W.P, 2003) â€Å"This problem was less severe before cable and the advent of hundreds of channels. The increase in choice has increased the probability of every family member being addicted to a different program on some channel and this eventually leads to time conflicts when two channels show their programs at the same time and there are different viewing demands. Among high-income families this results in more than one television in the house and the physical togetherness of the middle-class family is sacrificed to television addiction. Television addiction increases because in a given family there are people of different ages, genders, with differing levels of education, personal beliefs, intellectual orientation, and personal tastes.† (Television addiction, 2007) Therefore, family members are obsessed with watching their favorite channels. Naturally, their watching time gradually increases and they become addicted to it after all. Most of the people prefer spending time with their families and friends rather than spending time watching television. Television plays an important role in peoples lives. However, most people would definitely choose family and friends over television. Moreover, most knowledgeable people are aware of the harmful effects of watching too much television. Through my experience, after a long day at school, I had plenty of time talking with my parents. For me and my family, our precious time together can not be compared to anything. In addition, the effect of television is simply not so great that it could be said to have â€Å"destroyed† communication among family and friends. Granted, communication among people in industrialized countries has decreased in recent years. It might be tempting to blame this problem on television since its rise roughly coincided with the decrease in time we spend with our families. However, I believe this situation is more likely due to increased pressures relating to work, school, and the economy. In my case, for example, I find that my pressures from studying are so great that I must often sacrifice time at home so that I can meet the challenges of achieving my own goals. In some situations, however, it is true that TV is responsible for decreasing communication among family members. In my childhood in the countryside, I frequently saw parents and children watching television for hours every day, and they barely talked with one another. It seemed for them that television was a way to escape from when they were sad or in a miserable mood. However, admittedly television brought on bad circumstances However, even in this case, I would say that television merely contributed to the bad situation, but it did not cause it; if television were nonexistent, surely these people would have found other escapes, alcohol or gambling, for example. In other words, people always find a way to do want they want to do. Likewise, we need to realize that nobody forces us to sit in front of the TV. We can choose to turn it off and spend more time communicating with our loved ones. Instead of thinking of ourselves as victims of television, we should see how TV can be a good tool for us to use as we see fit. Also, we are able to use it to learn about the world or simply to entertain us when we are bored. â€Å"Television addiction becomes a problem when a subject does not want to watch TV, but experiences an uncontrollable compulsion to start or continue watching.† It is common beliefs that stop watching TV is the fastest method to quit TV addiction. Addicted people just turn off TV screen and try to never approach to it when they find out first time. It may seem work at the beginning. However, as time goes on, they get stressed out by what they are restricted to. They should find out root cause of it and at least show some efforts. Even though it takes long to quit TV addiction, the main purpose is to find you feel free from TV watching. It is common a belief that the fastest method to quit TV addiction by stop watching TV. Addicted people just turn off the TV and try to never approach it. It may seem work at the beginning. However, as time goes on, they get stressed out by what they are restricted to. They should find out the root cause of the addiction and at least show some efforts. Even though it takes a long to quit TV addiction, the main purpose is to be free from TV watching. There are five steps that help us to deal with TV addiction. First of all, you keep a record of how much TV you watch every time you do. You need to know how much time you spend watching TV. Next, compare the amount of time you watch TV to average time people spending on TV. If you do more than the average, try to reduce the amount of time. Secondly, List all the other fun activities you can do at home instead of watching TV. Place your list on your refrigerator so you can check this list before you turn on the TV. Consider fun activities to do as family, household projects you would like to complete, outside activities, reading, exercise, etc. Third, set a limit for how much TV you will watch in later on. Fourth, record your time and stick to your commitment. You can control yourself spend watching time within limited time, Fourth, commit to exercising whenever you watch TV by walking on a treadmill, or riding a stationary bike. If you do so, you will feel less guilty about wasting your time watching TV. Last, Consider removing your TV for a set period of time. You might find yourself talking to your family again instead of watching the TV too much. (N/A, 2007) From these beliefs, I strongly believe that television has not damaged or harmed interpersonal communication among families and most people. Most people think that television is simply a temporary means of spending time, and they do not use it to substitute for interpersonal communication. The damage is attributable to other social factors, not television. Therefore, all of us must choose what we want to do with our free time. We should quit thinking of ourselves as victims of technology and realize that technology offers us choices. Let us take control of technology and use it to improve our lives. Only we can decide how much time we want to spend communicating with friends and loved ones. The television does not decide this for us, we decide it by ourselves.

A Stranger Is Watching Essay -- essays research papers

A Stranger is Watching A Stranger is Watching is a terrific book. I enjoyed reading this book very much. The non-stop action kept me reading for hours.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the best features of the book is how it was written. The point of view changes every chapter. For example Chapter 1 is written in the point of view of the infamous Foxy character. Chapter 2 is written in the point if view of our protagonist, Steve; and so on .I also liked how the author built the relationship of the characters up, so you care about what happens to them and feel like you're going through what they are going through. For instance, the author tells us of Steve's wife's death. We find out that Steve's son, Neil was never the same after this tragedy. When a new women, Sharon comes into Steve's life, Neil rejects her. Neil thinks that if Sharon and his father get married ,his father will send him away. When Neil and Sharon are held hostage together, Neil's feelings for Sharon change; he begins to see her as a nice person and a motherlike figure. I felt the author built this relationship up well so that the story would have a happy ending.  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I also like how the author made the character traits of the protagonist completely conflict with the antagonist. The protagonist, Steve is a successful man with a family and no problems; at least in the mind of the antagoni...

Cultural Brief of Taiwan

INTRODUCTION POLITICAL, LEGAL, AND TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIROMENT HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS Geert Hofstede is a Dutch researcher who identified five dimensions of culture to help understand how and why people from various cultures behave the way they do. The five Hofstede’s cultural dimensions are power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism, masculinity vs. femininity, and time orientation. Taiwan has a high power distance meaning that people blindly obey the orders of their superiors, and strict obedience is found. Taiwan ranked high in uncertainty avoidance meaning that the people do not like uncertainty and tend to have a high need for security and a strong belief in experts. In individualism Taiwan ranked as a low individualistic country meaning that people look after themselves and their immediate family members. In regards to masculinity Taiwan ranked as a high masculinity country meaning that they place great importance on earnings, recognition, advancement, and challenge. In this type of culture people are encourage to be decision makers, and have high performance levels. On the last dimension Taiwan ranked high in long term orientation meaning that they focus more on long range goals. TROMPENAAR’S DIMENSIONS Although Hofstede’s dimensions are the most recognize cultural dimension a more recent research is gaining attention. This research was made over a period on ten years by another Dutch researcher Fons Trompenaar. Trompenaar’s dimensions are Universalism vs. Particularism, Individualism vs. Communitarianism, Neutral vs. Emotional, Specific vs. Diffuse, Achievement vs. Ascription, Sequential vs. Synchronous, and Internal vs. External. GLOBE DIMENSIONS The GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) research project is another study to measure cultural difference. This research is an extensive analysis that integrates previous analysis. Countries were selected very carefully so that every major geographic in the world was represented. This project or research is considered one of the most sophisticated studies because it was made by a multicultural team of researchers that had and broad knowledge and experience in those fields. The GLOBE project can be use to foresee the most appropriate, effective, and suitable organizational and leader practices within a culture. The GLOBE is a more extensive research and includes more dimensions than Hofstede’s and Trompenaars’s research. The GLOBE project identified nine cultural dimensions Uncertainty avoidance, Power distance, Collectivism I, Collectivism II, Gender egalitarianism, Assertiveness, Future orientation, Performance orientation, and Humane orientation. CULTURAL NORMS, VALUES, AND BELIEFS Taiwan’s population is generally Han Chinese and is divided into three groups based on their language: Taiwanese, Hakka, and Mandarin. The official language of Taiwan is Mandarin Chinese, but Min-nan dialect is also widely spoken. English is the most popular foreign language which makes it part of their regular school curriculum. Most people in Taiwan have traditional values based on Confucian ethics, but industrialization is making them change their values. Some traditional values such as piety towards parents, ancestor worship, and emphasis on education and work remain strong. Taiwanese values are based on Confucianism which describes the position of the individual in society. This system of behaviors and ethics put emphasis on the obligation of people towards one another based on their relationship, and stresses duty, loyalty, honor, respect for age and sincerity. There are five classifications of relationship: ruler and subject, husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters, and friend and friend. Taiwan’s culture is collective which means they are willing to suppress their own feelings for the good of the group. Taiwanese have a very important concept of the face called â€Å"Mien-Tzu†. They believe the face reflects a person’s reputation, dignity, and prestige. This concept is not only applied to individuals but also to businesses. â€Å"Guanxi† is another term related to the connections and types of relationships Taiwanese use to conduct business. Businesses are conducted among friends, friends of friends, family, and people of your own level or higher statues. This concept is believed to open doors, smooth problems, and open more connections. Taiwan’s religion is based on the â€Å"three teachings†; Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism. Each religion has its own temples, priest, and sacred texts, but most people practice a blend of the â€Å"three teachings† referred to as popular or folk religion. Family is very important in the Taiwanese culture and one thing that brings family together every day is food. Dinner is the most important meal of the day because it reinforces family relationships. The exchange of food means equality and people of higher ranks are never invited to dine at one’s home. Fish the favorite food, and food is mostly cooked in soups, stews, and deep fry. Taiwan is famous for its tea and it can be found in almost every corner of Taiwan. Tea is the most famous drink because it is considered stimulating, conducive to conversation, and beneficial to health. EXPECTATIONS REGARDING DRESS APPOINTMENTS Taiwanese are very punctual and they expect to be always on time for an appointment. They are very easy in scheduling appointments and the best way to set an appointment is by telephone or email. Most firms have business hours from 9AM to 5:30PM Monday to Friday, so contact them between those times if you want to be contacted in a timely manner. Punctuality is very important but they understand and respect when late, but if previous notice is given. Holidays are a very hard time to set appointments because they do not work specially during the holidays of Chinese New Year, Tuan-Wu (or Dragon Boat Festival) and Mid-Autumn holiday, therefore; it is very hard to get a hold of anyone during this time of the year. BUSINESS ENTERTAINING Taiwanese pay very close to business entertaining because they consider it essential in creating a successful business relationship. Business entertaining should never be considered a waste of time since Taiwanese pay very close attention and dedicate a lot of time to this activity. The most popular type of business entertaining is having dinner and drinking a great amount of alcohol until very late. During dinner make sure not to talk about business unless the host brings it up. This time should be use to learn more about Taiwan’s people, culture, and the host interest. Taiwanese are food lovers so expect about twenty dishes during dinner. The tradition is that the host serves the guest in their plates a little food, but they are free to take more food. It is recommended that you leave a little bit of food in your plate when done because leaving your plate empty signifies that you are still hungry. After the great meal tea is serve which signifies that the event is finished, and it is polite if you leave after finishing the tea even if the host invites you to stay. BUSINESS CARDS Taiwanese people are very friendly and courteous, and social relations are very important. They believe in creating strong relationships because their belief is that one cannot do anything alone without help from others. The use of business cards is used at the first meeting. Business cards are exchange and it is considered an easy way to overcome initial shyness and start forming a connection. The exchange of business cards also represents or demonstrates a person’s name and reputation. TITLES AND FORMS OF ADDRESS Title and status of authority are very important in Taiwanese culture. When meeting a person for the first time it is important that you address the person by their academic, professional, or honorific title and their surname. People pay very close attention to status of authority such as age, education, occupation, and gender. Age is one of the factors taken seriously because they expect to show the greatest respect. This is a problem whenever a younger expatriate comes to manage older people. It is difficult for them to accept the fact that a younger person manages them. Taiwanese traditionally have three names. The surname or last name, and two personal names. An interesting thing about their personal names is that their names usually have some significant meaning. Asking about the meaning of their names is a good way for breaking the ice. GREETINGS Greeting in Taiwan are also very important and they have a different types of greetings depending on the person being greeted when greeting someone in Taiwan the oldest person in the group is greeted first. Taiwanese use a handshake as the most common type of greeting with foreigners. In the Chinese culture they have a sign that represents respect, looking towards the ground. Taiwanese do not expect for foreigners to greet the same way because they know we have different greeting styles, so to be on the safe side a firm handshake and a warm smile is the best choice. GESTURES Everywhere in the world no matter what language you speak people or cultures always have gestures that have a significant meaning. In Taiwan there are four types of gestures: greeting gestures, touching gestures, beckoning gestures, and nonverbal gestures. We will start first with the greeting gestures, handshaking has become popular and its spreading rapidly, but a bow is the most traditional form of greeting. Hugging and kissing when greeting is very rare and uncommon. A special gesture for elders is to cover your left fist with your right hand, or put your hands together and bring them to your heart. Touching gestures are not very welcomed in Taiwan they are not a touch oriented society. Public signs of affection are rare, but it’s normal for same sex persons to hold hands in public. Beckoning gestures are done with an open hand facing downward and never use your index finger to point at someone. Never use your hand to beckon someone facing upward because that gesture is only used for animals. Avoid touching or moving objects with your feet, and never put your feet on top of furniture because feet are considered lowly and dirty. There are a lot of nonverbal gestures but this are a few of the most common. In respect to elders always open the door for them, give up your seat if no other sits are available, talk to them first when you enter a room, and take off your glasses when you talk to them. Posture should be straight, so do not slough. Having a loud and rude behavior in not acceptable when doing business but it is acceptable in restaurants. Being able to read gestures will help you understand people even if you do not speak the same language, so make sure you know the most important one in order to create the right impression and business relationship. GIFT GIVING Gift giving is one of the things you need to pay really close attention since a lot of gifts have a very significant meaning, and you might give the wrong impression. Taiwanese are food lovers and a good choice for a gift is a nice food basket or a good quality bottle of alcohol. Taiwanese culture has a sign of politeness by refusing a gift the first time offered and it is ok to offer the gift again, but not force it. Some of the things that should not be given as gifts are: Scissors, knives or cutting utensils because they represent to sever the relationship. Clock, handkerchiefs or straw sandals because they are associated with funerals and death. White flowers or chrysanthemums because they signify death. Never wrap gifts in white, blue, or black paper. Never wrap gifts in red, pink or yellow because they are considered auspicious colors. The number four is considered a bad luck number so never give anything in groups of four. On the other hand; the number eight is a lucky number so giving groups of eights is giving good luck to the recipient. Avoid giving anything made in Taiwan. Presents should be given using both hands, and gifts are not open when received. So make sure that when giving a gift you take in consideration the gift giving etiquette, so you can make a successful gift and the right impression. LANGUAGE OF BUSINESS (COMMUNICATION STYLES) It is very important that people who want to make business in Taiwan speak Mandarin Chinese, so negotiation is more fluent. It is important to speak the official language of Taiwan because the levels of English of multinational and major MNC’s based in the country are low. The use of translators is employ but it slows down a process that it’s already slow. INTERACTION STYLES NEGOTIATION ISSUES Taiwan is a collective society so they believe in having very strong business relationships before making a negotiation. They spend a great amount of time trying to know the company before considering any type of negotiation. When foreigners want to make negotiations in Taiwan they get frustrated because of the process being too slow. Managers have an authoritarian point of view and expect to be obeyed by their subordinates 100%. Their decisions are accepted without being question and in rare cases subordinates have something to say. They expect to be asked first before any actions are taken in their absence, therefore very little initiative in taken in the lower side of the chain. Any decisions taken when the manager is not there they are considered suspicious. VIEW OF WOMEN EXECUTIVES Taiwan is a male-dominated society and women play a small part in business. Women in the business field usually have the lowest levels in the organization even if they a high qualified. Equality is progressing very slowly and it may take years before equality is reached. Even though males are considered the decision makers foreign business women will be treated with great respect and courtesy.

Main Theme of Lord of the Flies Essay

I think William Golding purposely chose the same setting as The Coral Island, but with a different ending of course, showing readers that us humans beings, as hard it might be to admit, unfortunately we have a wicked side and without supervision castigation to keep it in check. This sophisticated society that we live in would’ve turned into a barbaric anarchy instantly and still today, we have people who choose to ignore the civilization, take the risk and act like savages despite the â€Å"sophisticated society† but those people end up in jail. One of the major themes, isolation. What better way can you put it? The boys are stranded on an island, not mentioning the fact that they are still kids, innocent kids without adult supervision. This was obviously slowly making them hopeless as they realize that there is no way they’ll be rescued. But if you give it some thought, the island is similar to our society in many ways. Firstly, Golding makes the conch delineate power and authority, like the government today, because whoever held the conch in the story had the authority to speak. That rule is official when Ralph says â€Å"And another thing. We can’t have everybody talking at once. We’ll have to have hands up like at school then I’ll give him the conch.† (Golding 31) This shows the effort Ralph was putting into bringing rules and order so it could bring all the other boys closer together as a society. The island is basically a microcosm, Golding uses it to imitate our world while giving comments and his own view of human nature and how it is. For that to happen, he uses objects that are symbolic referring to his ideas like the previous example I gave about the Government. Golding also uses the characters that duplicate historical and/or religious people and finally the setting where all the conflicts happen, having parallels in the real world and society. The boys show what happened in the story isn’t just a story. They help present Goldings belief that humankind is savage and evil under all that civilization. So, Lord of the flies is a microcosm, just in a smaller civilization. The physical location (the remote island) which Golding set to serve the theme of constructing civilisation. However, as the stranded boys progressed on this island together, savagery eventually invaded their instincts and this helped develop the theme of loss of innocence. Again, this story was set on an isolated island, it had all you needed, food, wood for shelter and fire and no dangerous animals, there werent any humans either, the boys were probably the first to set a foot on this island. As Ralph, Jack and Simon were climbing the hill for the first time together, they noticed the tracks and started wondering who them. They started following. â€Å"Animals† were Ralph’s answer. The setting here was kind of like paradise for the boys, it took all of society’s rules and orders on behavior and allowed the boys to do whatever they want, since they were in charge this time.

Is technology good or evil essays

Is technology good or evil essays Is technology good or evil? One must first ponder accordance to their religious faith to make an analogy if modern technology recites to either good or evil. My assessment too this question after thorough research with the advancement of technology and my religious faith of Christianity, we must categorize technology as more of an easier method for Lucifer to reach to non-believers of my faith. In order for such a claim, a prelude discussion how the advancement of technology will contribute more to evil than good will be given through many research examples, along with a complete eleven page exhibit diagram. In spite of the limited amount of pages one could use, it was only logical for me to address the questions prearranged next to examples provided through many resources, in which will partake all ten pages available. Such prearranged topics are as mentioned; How can evil parts of technology be isolated to protect citizens without impacting the freedoms of society to explore and utilize technology? What safeguards are utilized and the tradeoffs? Do we need to be protected and is there any way too? What responsibility does the government have in the development of technology? What responsibility does the software makers have? What responsibility does the individual have to protect themselves? How can evil parts of technology be isolated to protect citizens without impacting the freedoms of society to explore and utilize technology? Currently, evil often seem to linger with the advancement of technology rather it be hackers trying to infiltrate data bases at corporate offices, the military, the government, major operating systems, individual personal computers, online retailing, or even online banking. Nevertheless, to isolate this situation while protecting individual freedoms, set forth by the United States Constitutional Amendments, one must primarily focus on inventing a new operatin...

Teaching Children of Different Abilities Together

Teaching Children of Different Abilities Together Free Online Research Papers Nowadays in many places, education resources are distributed mostly equally amongst children of different ages, different intelligence level. Some people suggest it would be beneficial to divide young students into different categories according to certain standards such as their intelligence levels. In my opinion, the view may be detrimental and unrealistic in several factors as follows: To begin with, separation in education according to certain qualities of a childs intelligence would be harmful to both stronger students and weaker ones. Apart from these, intelligence is not the only existing factor when setting out evaluation schemes or regulation, many aspects should influence the development of young children. Furthermore, the view can be said to have many pitfalls in itself, in terms of feasibility, reliability, and economically inefficiency. Once carried out, a examination system and related marking and evaluation criteria would have to be established and implemented, which would induce many conflicts amongst different regions and different ranks. On the other side, many household and children would have to pay for newly emerging costs, resulted from transportation, accommodation and daily diet. In conclusion, I believe that it is unnecessary and impractical to allocate student and education resources to a certain standard such as intelligence or something likewise. Not only could it undermine our education system and objectives, but also it would violates certain laws and decrees that guarantee the equal opportunities of every individual in our society. Research Papers on Teaching Children of Different Abilities TogetherStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Word Choice All vs. All Of

Word Choice All vs. All Of Word Choice: All vs. All Of For such a short word, â€Å"all† can be complicated. It certainly has many uses! Here, though, we’re looking at one thing in particular: when to use â€Å"all of† rather than â€Å"all† by itself. Make sure you can avoid errors when using these terms by checking out our guide below. When to Use â€Å"All Of† The sense of â€Å"all† that applies here is its use as a determiner (or a predeterminer when it comes before another determiner). This means using â€Å"all† to indicate how much of something we’re discussing. For example, â€Å"all students† means â€Å"every single student,† not just some of them. As a rule of thumb, we use â€Å"all of† when â€Å"all† is a determiner and the next word in the sentence is a pronoun. When this is a personal pronoun (e.g., me, you, us, them) or a relative pronoun (e.g., whom, which), we need to â€Å"of† to make the sentence grammatical. For example: All of you were late to class. âÅ"“ All you were late to class. âÅ"â€" These are my students, all of whom were late. âÅ"“ These are my students, all whom were late. âÅ"â€" With demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this, these, those), the â€Å"of† is optional: All of these students were late. âÅ"“ All these students were late. âÅ"“ We can also include â€Å"of† before a noun phrase that begins with a determiner, such as the definite article (i.e., the) or a possessive pronoun (e.g., my, his, her, your, our, their). For instance: All of the students overslept. âÅ"“ All the students overslept. âÅ"“ Some style guides recommend leaving out â€Å"of† when it is optional. This will make a sentence more concise, but it is ultimately up to you. When to Use â€Å"All† By Itself So when do we need to use â€Å"all† by itself? As mentioned, you can do this when the next word is a pronoun or determiner. But there are situations when adding the â€Å"of† is not an option. These are: When â€Å"all† comes before a noun referring to an entire class of things. When â€Å"all† is used before an uncountable noun without a determiner (i.e., a noun with no plural form without a word like â€Å"the† or â€Å"my† in front). In the case of an plural noun that refers to an entire class, we would write: All cats are lazy. âÅ"“ All of cats are lazy. âÅ"â€" Here, we use â€Å"all† without â€Å"of† because â€Å"cats† refers to every possible feline, not a specific group of cats. And we would do the same if â€Å"all† came before an uncountable noun: All water is wet. âÅ"“ All of water is wet. âÅ"â€" In both cases, the â€Å"of† is not just unnecessary; it is grammatically incorrect. â€Å"All† as a Pronoun We mentioned above that â€Å"all† is always followed by â€Å"of† when the next word is a personal or relative pronoun. This only applies when â€Å"all† is a determiner. You will also see â€Å"all† used as a pronoun meaning â€Å"everyone,† â€Å"everything,† or â€Å"the only thing.† And when â€Å"all† is a pronoun, it can be combined with other pronouns without using â€Å"of†: This letter is for all whom it may concern. âÅ"“ All you need is love. âÅ"“ These sentences are both fine as â€Å"all† is used as a pronoun, not a determiner. Summary: All or All Of? When deciding whether to write â€Å"all† or â€Å"all of,† keep the following in mind: Use all of when the next word is a personal or relative pronoun. You can use either all or all of when the next word in the sentence is either a demonstrative pronoun or a noun phrase that begins with a determiner. Use all by itself when the next word in the sentence is a plural noun that refers to an entire class of things or an uncountable noun. And don’t forget to have your writing proofread! We will check your writing for errors, and we can even offer feedback on grammar and other issues.

Are UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) the Future of Our Military Essay

Are UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) the Future of Our Military - Essay Example onclusion might have been, the US Air Force has come out to close the debate once and for all by declaring that UAVs are the way to go in the future, through their Flight Plan 2009-2047 (USAF, 2009). The question that might come to the mind of the reader is â€Å"What are the factors that made the US Air Force turn completely from rejecting the UAVs as a viable technology in the 1970s to declaring them as a key to the future of this countrys defenses?† My own views on UAVs is that they definitely are the future of our military, and this discussion will give a technological overview on why I think so and why the Air Force has gone for it too. Also, it will discuss what aspects of the future might it take hold upon, clearly showing what UAVs are good for and what roles in aerial warfare will still be manned. The focus of our military is to have the best possible control on all aspects of warfare. The focus, then, is on technology. Technology and cost go side by side. Economic comparison of UAVs with manned aircraft is also done in the study to put everything into perspective. Following are some reasons for which UAVs are the future of our military in the light of technology and economy: Warfare is the name of knowing what your opponent might do next. Whoever knows that has a higher chance of winning the war than the ignorant party. UAVs provide the best technological solution for constant surveillance – even better than satellites. UAVs have flight times over days. Even if manned aerial vehicles has such endurance, the human can never stay in flight for so long. Thus, this gives UAVs an edge in their surveillance capability and ease of operation over manned systems. A plane can stay in flight over enemy territory only for as long as the enemy cannot shoot it down. The only way to prevent that is to be invisible to radar. The low speeds along with very high flight altitude of UAVs, makes them that (Pappalardo, 2010). Airframes can be designed to magnanimous

Liquefied Natural Gas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Liquefied Natural Gas - Essay Example The machines that add most to the capital cost include the pumps, compressors, furnace, heat exchangers, vessels, towers, and trays. All these are required to begin the operation of the plant; therefore, they contributed to the fixed costs of the fall semester. For easier analysis, the capital costs are divided into the various machines that are required. The first division is on the pumps and compressors. The pump purchased was needed to increase the pressure of butane to the specifications of the pipes. The total cost of the pump was $1,165, 217.29. A total of eleven compressors were required, each one having a particular role to perform. The total cost of all the compressors was $159,473,108.70. There was also a turbine needed for power generation from one of the vessels when the pressure is decreased. The cost of the turbine was $600,086.96. The three components had a total cost of $ 161,273,369.57. The other facility that contributes to the capital cost is the furnaces. In total, ten furnaces are necessary to begin the operation of the plant. The total cost of the furnaces was $ 1,003,645.43. The cost of the furnaces in 2017 is also available considering an inflation rate of 3%. The next equipment purchased was the heat exchangers that contributed a total cost of $ 619,589.79. Two heat exchangers were acquired in the fall semester, while the rest of the exchangers, we acquired later. During the semester, thirteen vessels were also obtained. The total cost of all these vessels was $ 865,260.46. Towers and trays were also purchased during the period, contributing a total of $ 714,891.09. Five trays were purchased to begin the operation. There were also some miscellaneous costs for the acquisition of the sulfur plant and the tankers. The sulfur plant costs $ 1,232,960.00, which includes $ 100,000 for the plant plus the operating costs. Four tankers were also required, with each tanker costing $ 185 million.

Supreme Court Rulings - Potter v. California Essay

Supreme Court Rulings - Potter v. California - Essay Example It is not only prudent for the government to protect the civil liberties of its citizens but it is a contractual obligation to do so as stipulated in the Constitutional Bill of Rights. Civil liberty is in itself a form of natural liberty, part of which is divested and placed in the hands of the government in order to produce more good and bring happiness in the entire community than if it were to remain in the hands of the individual (Cohen 15). Civil liberty as an offshoot of natural liberty for one to do as they please is not restricted by the government to the extent that it does not threaten public welfare. Civil liberty in guaranteeing one’s freedom to do what they want is limited to injury or harm of others by the action done. The concept of civil liberties is grounded on liberal theory. Liberal philosophers believed in a state of nature prior to a political society where individuals were entirely free to do anything, including killing each other. Creation of societies n ecessitated the need to keep people and their possessions secure thus restricting natural liberty as far as necessary for security of everyone. Any natural right that threatened public order was taken away. The First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States protects rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion from being interfered with by the government. The freedom of expression is constituted by the rights to freedom of press, speech, implied rights of belief and association, assembly, and right to petition the government in order to get a redress of grievances. Interpretation of the extent of protection given to these rights is reserved for the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has interpreted The First... The researcher states that the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States protects rights to freedom of expression and freedom of religion from being interfered with by the government. The freedom of expression is constituted by the rights to freedom of press, speech, implied rights of belief and association, assembly, and right to petition the government in order to get a redress of grievances. Interpretation of the extent of protection given to these rights is reserved for the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court has interpreted The First Amendment to apply to the federal government. In this case, the researcher believes that Mr. Potter in pleading the First Amendment referred to the arrest as infringing on his freedom of expression. This freedom basically entails freedom of speech and it would be expedient for us to delve into its intricacies. First, the right to freedom of speech gives individuals the right to express themselves with no constraint or interference and in deed Mr. Potter exercised their freedom in this regard. Second, it is a requirement by the Supreme Court to give justification for interfering with this cases where it makes an attempt to regulate content of speech. Third, is the right to assemble, which allows people to congregate for lawful and peaceful purposes. The right to belief and association is embedded within this right too, which are the First, the Fifth, and the Fourteenth. Fourth, an individual has the right to petition government in order to obtain redress of their grievances.

The French New Wave style of film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The French New Wave style of film - Essay Example The film makers during the late ‘50s wanted both on-screen as well as behind the scene works done by the young-ones. This appeal helped to inspire a novel movement of film-makers onto the screen. Nevertheless, this appeal initiated the illusion that those succeeding were all fresh for a jeune film. This paper will show the Cinematography influenced the French new wave style of film. The French nouvelle vague (or New wave) is broadly viewed as the most instrumental crusades ever to occur in film. The outcomes of the New-wave have been known since its founding as a crusade and long afterwards it disappeared away (Cook 34). The new-wave was led by a diminutive group of detractors who penned for ‘Cahiers du Cinema’, a French-film periodical. It was an indication against the outdated French cinema that was more literature than film. The French new-wave established such concepts as â€Å"la politique des auteur,† the insignificance of undeviating structure and jum p cuts. The French new-wave provided a major feel of change within cinema, which would trickle all over the globe (Marie 45). The most notable persons engrossed in the new-wave are unquestionably those who were linked to Cahiers in the mid-‘50s. ... Other French film directors, as well as Louis Malle and Agnes Varda, soon became associated with the French New Wave movement. Every one of them soon-to-be film producers was experienced in cinema history as well as had a craving for movie that could describe them as ‘cinephiles’.   This ‘film devotees’ outlook was due mainly to the Cinematheque Francaise, a movie archive intended to â€Å"support cinema study as well as cinema ethnicity in France† that had been founded by Henry Langlo is with Franju Georges as well as had remained open in the occupation. The Cinema the que afforded accessibility to a vast library of global movies and the detractors of Cahiers utilized as many of them as they possibly could (Marie 23). The notions of the new-wave had been scraping for some time in the critics minds and Cahiers’ editors, and writings of movie critic Astruc Alexandre, predominantly on his notion of camera-stylo. Nonetheless, it is believed that the New-Wave crusade blew up during the 1959 release of 3 films –, Alain Renais’ Hiroshima, Truffaut’s Les Quatre des Coups (The 400 Blows), Godard and Mon Amour’s A bout de Souffle (Breathless). Though Rena is Alain was among the old group of movie directors, his influence and style on the New-Wave was obvious enough within Hiroshima that also awarded the ‘International Critics Award’ in 1959 at Cannes Film Festival. Resna is Alain was not the only director to leave with an accolade at the Cannes Festival in 1959; Truffaut was presented with Best Director for the 400 Blows (Les Quatre des Coups) (Marie 33). What audiences witnessed in these three movies was a dropping of what Truffaut denoted to as grandad’s cinema or â€Å"cinema du

My Dinner with Andre movie review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Dinner with Andre - Movie Review Example For one, Wally and Gregory are both theater enthusiasts and actors. For instance, Gregory found it amazing to be in a Polish forest with huge trees and diverse people and beautiful women. Gregory depicts a character who is fascinated to the tiny details of life and who enjoyed life to the fullest despite life’s oddities. Moreover, Gregory narrates how every detail in life, say in a production, is connected with one another to make a whole picture of beauty. More so, there is also transcendence in fantasies to reality and finite to infinite (Hendrix 8) as shown in Gregory’s hallucinations out from the reality when he was aboard on a plane, among other situations that he told. Humanism was also discussed in the movie. The value of being a human is emphasized in their conversation, and rational thought, instead of spirituality was likewise emphasized. The humanism was depicted in the constant search for self-actualization, fulfillment, and intellectual quest. Furthermore, both Wally and Gregory depicted a picture of two people who have different ways of searching for the meaning of life. Both realized that life goes on in a fast pace and in an unpredictable way, and certainly it will lead to death. The reality seems to be lost during a period of fantasizing, in Gregory’s example, during a sexual encounter. People tend to lose all of their precious memories during that period of euphoria, and once one gets back to consciousness, everything he imagined just vanished. However, fantasy and reality both are related. The former is a product of an imperfect world in the real setting. Fantasy is a creative masterpiece of the mind which has the possibility of bringing to reality. Knowledge is also highlighted in the movie. The exchanges of conversation were products of knowledge which lead to recognition that life’s celebrations and emotions can be analyzed. Fright and love can be explained in terms of knowledge to act with the other person invo lved. Gregory said that if there is no act to be involved with the other person, all relationships are all bounded with duty. In the postmodern world, Gregory discussed science’s irony, from bringing enlightenment to inaccuracies and doubts; it brought chaos and danger to the present world. Simply saying, knowledge, as a precursor to science, can become dangerous. Based on the movie, Andre Gregory represents the humanistic branch of philosophy because of his beliefs about preserving the human nature. For instance, he believes that the humanity needs a new language, specifically the language of the heart. He believes that creating a language that connects everything and everyone makes one understand the nature in its entirety. Wally, on the other hand, represents metaphysics, based on his dialogues regarding the existence of the world and its connection to the human beings, and what is reality. Moreover, he displays some concepts in logic as shown in his analysis regarding the correctness of analyzing things as products of science collectively. Both of them played accurately their roles, as seemingly the audience and the

A Rhetorical analysis about I shouldn't have to press '1' for english Essay

A Rhetorical analysis about I shouldn't have to press '1' for english - Essay Example Also there is the political face of it, whereby the economic and political policy’s are established and preserved by the government mainly for the special benefit of the ruling class, the wealthy influential not for the advantage of working individuals, people of color. This economic dismay that we are experiencing is similar for the Latinos and Blacks. This shows the unjust, undemocratic and unequal society we are dwelling in. Few researchers have found out that the mean wealth of the white family is twenty times that of a Black family. The wealth ratios are very unequal rising up a few questions. Is it the color? Is it the inability to do certain things? Looking at inflation, in 2005-2009 the medium fell 53% amid the black households, evaluated with a simple 16% amid the white families. Looking at home equality, Blacks declined by half, illustrating how many were left out. An analysis carried out suggests that the Blacks were forefront of the housing real estate market boil of the 1990s and in the early 2000s however that have since been amid the situations experiencing the steepest turn downs in the housing

My Dinner with Andre movie review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My Dinner with Andre - Movie Review Example For one, Wally and Gregory are both theater enthusiasts and actors. For instance, Gregory found it amazing to be in a Polish forest with huge trees and diverse people and beautiful women. Gregory depicts a character who is fascinated to the tiny details of life and who enjoyed life to the fullest despite life’s oddities. Moreover, Gregory narrates how every detail in life, say in a production, is connected with one another to make a whole picture of beauty. More so, there is also transcendence in fantasies to reality and finite to infinite (Hendrix 8) as shown in Gregory’s hallucinations out from the reality when he was aboard on a plane, among other situations that he told. Humanism was also discussed in the movie. The value of being a human is emphasized in their conversation, and rational thought, instead of spirituality was likewise emphasized. The humanism was depicted in the constant search for self-actualization, fulfillment, and intellectual quest. Furthermore, both Wally and Gregory depicted a picture of two people who have different ways of searching for the meaning of life. Both realized that life goes on in a fast pace and in an unpredictable way, and certainly it will lead to death. The reality seems to be lost during a period of fantasizing, in Gregory’s example, during a sexual encounter. People tend to lose all of their precious memories during that period of euphoria, and once one gets back to consciousness, everything he imagined just vanished. However, fantasy and reality both are related. The former is a product of an imperfect world in the real setting. Fantasy is a creative masterpiece of the mind which has the possibility of bringing to reality. Knowledge is also highlighted in the movie. The exchanges of conversation were products of knowledge which lead to recognition that life’s celebrations and emotions can be analyzed. Fright and love can be explained in terms of knowledge to act with the other person invo lved. Gregory said that if there is no act to be involved with the other person, all relationships are all bounded with duty. In the postmodern world, Gregory discussed science’s irony, from bringing enlightenment to inaccuracies and doubts; it brought chaos and danger to the present world. Simply saying, knowledge, as a precursor to science, can become dangerous. Based on the movie, Andre Gregory represents the humanistic branch of philosophy because of his beliefs about preserving the human nature. For instance, he believes that the humanity needs a new language, specifically the language of the heart. He believes that creating a language that connects everything and everyone makes one understand the nature in its entirety. Wally, on the other hand, represents metaphysics, based on his dialogues regarding the existence of the world and its connection to the human beings, and what is reality. Moreover, he displays some concepts in logic as shown in his analysis regarding the correctness of analyzing things as products of science collectively. Both of them played accurately their roles, as seemingly the audience and the

Tale of Genji-Evanescence of Life Essay Example for Free

Tale of Genji-Evanescence of Life Essay Man has always been the one that chases the woman, and the harder the woman is for them to get the more the man wants her. People tend to not appreciate what they have in front of them until they don’t have them anymore. The evanescence of a man’s relationship with a woman of importance is a recurring theme throughout the book. This is demonstrated frequently through Genji’s relationships with the women and people he cared about throughout his life. In Genji’s life he encounters a variety of women through which the same routine occurs; he falls in love, he loses her then he suffers. An important aspect of this evanescence of women is the consolation phase which follows where male characters seek comfort for lost from women of similar physical traits. In The Tale of Genji, Murasaki Shikibu convey the idea of evanescence of important relationships through Genji’s life. Genji’s mother Kiritsubo, who is the Emperors true love, died when Genji was only three years old. Genji had very little time with his birth mother; this foreshadows Genji’s whole life as he matures of how he continuously suffers from losing the women he cares about. When Kiritsubo passed away the Emperor was filled with unending sorrow, he â€Å"had clung all too foundly to his old love, despite universal disapproval, and he did not forget her now, but in a touching way his affection turned to [Fujitsubo], who was a great consolation to him† (Murasaki14). The Emperor seeks a substitute for his wife while Genji seeks a mother. The Emperors grief over Kiritsubo is eased when he meets Fujitsubo because she almost exactly resembles Kiritsubo. Although Genji does not remember his mother much, when the Dame of Staff told him that Fujitsubo resembled his mother, Genji â€Å"wanted always to be with her so as to contemplate her to his heart’s content† (Murasaki14). In order to find comfort, both Genji and his father seek substitution after losing the women the y love. Genji’s relationship with Fujitsubo was short lived. Fujitsubo was a mother replacement when Genji was young, and when Genji came of age he was denied access to her. Genji had an affair with Fujitsubo, falls in love with her and got her pregnant; even though no one found out he still cannot marry her because she is his father’s wife. When Genji was eighteen, he discovers Murasaki in the hills north of Kyoto. Though Murasaki was only ten years old, she already looked extremely similar to Fujitsubo. To Genji, Murasaki is a subsitude for Fujitsubo; he is drawn into her from the moment he saw her and was determined to adopt her no matter what. Genji told the nun that, â€Å"There is an unfathomable bond between her and me, and my heart went out to her the moment I saw her† (Murasaki 99). He falls in love with Murasaki because of her physical resemblance to Fujitsubo. In the end, Genji successfully took Murasaki away to his household before her birth father could make his proper claim. Genji was a father status to Murasaki when she was young, but when she came of age Genji married her. Genji and his first wife Aoi’s romantic relationship is short lived, Genji and Aoi is married for a while, she passed away when he just began to care about her. Genji did not have a good married relationship with Aoi because he finds her cold and unsympathetic, but when Aoi died Genji was depressed. After giving birth Aoi became very sick, Genji went to visit her, â€Å"The sight of her lying there, so beautiful yet so think and weak that she hardly seemed among the living, aroused his love and his keenest sympathy. The hair streaming across her pillow, not a strand out of place, stuck him as a wonder, and as he gazed at her, he found himself unable to understand how for all these years he could have seen any flaw in her† (Murasaki176). Genji did not appreciate or notice Aoi’s beauty until he loses her. After the Emperor died, Genji’s power and influence d eclined. Genji and Oborozukiyo also had a short relationship. They were caught in the act of making love by the Minister of the Right. After knowing that their affair was found out, Genji sent a message to Oborozukiyo saying that, â€Å"I am not surprised to have heard nothing from you, but I am sorrier and more disappointed than words can say now that I am leaving all my world behind† (Murasaki 235). Genji was refrained from seeing her and was exiled to Suma by Lady Kokiden. Throughout Genji’s life, he always falls in love with the women, then loses her and suffers in the end. It is also human nature that the harder it is to get something the more we want to get it. Genji fell in love with Utsusemi when he visited the governor of Kii in Kyoto. Utsusemi’s little brother Kokimi appealed to Genji, therefore, he took him into his personal service. Kokimi helped Genji deliever letters to Utsusemi, and Genji â€Å"learned that there was no hope, her astonishing obduracy made him so detest his own existence that his distress was painfully obvious† (Murasaki 44). He tried hard to seduce her but kept on getting rejected. Genji got hurt when he was rejected by Utsusemi, â€Å"It infuriated him that her amazing resistance, far from disappearing, had instead risen to this pitch, and he was beside himself with outrage and injury, although he also knew perfectly well that strength of character was what had attracted him to her in the first place† (Murasaki 44).When Kokimi was unable to set up Genji to meet with Utsusemi, Genji tells him, â€Å"Very well, then you, at least shall not leave me† and had him lie down with him (Murasaki 44). Since Genji was unable to get Utsusemi, in a way Kokimi became a replacement for her. In The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu, Genji’s always have short lived relationships with the women he cares about. When it comes to love, Genji tends to not have self-control. He knew he should not pursue Fujitsubo, Oborozukiyo, and many other women, but still he does it. Therefore, Genji has to suffer from constantly losing the woman he loves as the consequence to his actions. After falling in love, losing his love, and suffering, Genji always looks for someone who is physically similar as a subsitution. When the first object of desire proves to be out of reach, attention is naturally transferred to the next best thing. Bibliography Murasaki, Shikibu, and Royall Tyler. The Tale of Genji. New York: Viking, 2001. Print.

Theological Reflection Approach on Practice

Theological Reflection Approach on Practice A written reflection on practice (1,500 words) Rational of the Theological Reflection Approach I have decided to use the Imagination and Spiritual Wisdom approach to this theological reflection because it allows for a deep understanding of the experience and the feelings involved. Then it progresses into creating an image from those feelings and by questioning the image we may develop an insight to what was really happening and use theology to help us to understand this insight. Thus, leading to action or an understanding of future actions in similar events.[1] Thick Description Someone in the church (A) was organising a surprise party for the vicar and his wife (VW) for their 25th wedding anniversary with permission from the rest of the family. They were organising it as a friend and not as a member of the congregation and therefore it was a non-church event. It was mentioned to people in the church as they would obviously be invited as friends of the couple. There was an element of tension between certain members of the congregation as they felt that it should have been done through church and this was expressed to the church wardens, who had also been asked to help with the party, and A. This led to a disagreement between A and another member of the congregation (B) one Sunday morning before the service. This was witnessed by a few people although they could not hear what was being said. It did however turn out that this issue was resolved quickly once tensions had calmed down. The pastoral situation came from someone (J) who had witnessed this altercation. J has been a member of the congregation for many years and has developed a close pastoral relationship with the vicar and his wife and the member of the congregation. She was concerned about how B had be treated through this situation. Over the course of the week various messages had been sent via social media between A, J and various others in the congregation about this altercation, the party in general and views about it. The messages had become somewhat hurtful and not appropriate. J had become quite upset about it and went to speak to the VW to ask if A would stop sending messages to her. J did say that she could not go into detail about the messages and why they had started in the first place as she did not want to spoil the surprise. It transpires that the messages continued to be sent with A convinced that the surprise had be spoiled and was placing the blame towards J. Due to wanting to keep the surprise J contacted myself. I met with J on a Friday evening in church with most of the meeting explaining what had transpired over the past week. J was very agitated and angry about what was happening in terms of the messages. I allowed her to speak and reassured her that I was listening to what was being said but clear that I was not agreeing with her opinion about A although was sympathetic towards her feelings about what had happened. I was also aware that J did not like A but the reason for this was unknown to me. Others had also noticed this dislike and I mentioned this to J. I also pointed out that A was a liked person and people were viewing Js actions as not very nice. J took exception to this comment and defended what she had said and done by saying that something had happened with A in a previous church that none of us were aware of. The meeting concluded with a decision that I would speak to A and ask for the messages to stop, that I would reassure A also that J had not spoiled the surprise, J agreed that she would not respond to any messages that were sent to her in regards to the party or anything else along similar lines. We finished by praying and J thanked me for listening. Feelings 2.1 Reflections on Personal Feelings of the Situation Personally, the whole situation felt a little petty and had no feelings towards this situation and felt that this could be sorted out. Yet I was aware there would need to be further reconciliation of J and A as feelings ran deep of dislike towards each other. 2.2 Reflection on Js Feelings of the Situation The feelings that were clearly visible by J in this situation were: Anger towards A because of the altercation with B Frustration asked for the messages to stop and they had continued Shock she had been challenged over her attitude towards A Power knew information that no one else knew about A When reflecting on these feelings being displayed I felt that the underlying elements to all of this was a sense of jealousy towards A and the VWs newly formed friendship and therefore an element of displacement by J in her relationship, which was ultimately a pastoral one, with VW. Image Based on the feelings mentioned above the image that comes to mind is: This image shows the child-like nature of the situation (the messages sent via social media), the exclusion or perceived exclusion of one from a group, and finally the two who have paired off not being aware of the person or the feelings of the person who has been excluded. Theology 4.1 Biblical Passages The biblical passages that reflect jealousy which could speak into this situation are: Genesis 37 Joseph and his brothers being jealous of his relationship with their father. Proverbs 27.4 Anger is cruel and fury overwhelming, but who can stand against jealousy? Luke 10.38-42 Mary and Martha being with Jesus Genesis 4 Cain and Abel and the jealousy of how God favoured them Mark 10:35-45 James and John asking to sit at the right and left hand of Jesus and the reaction of the rest of the disciples Reflections on the Biblical Passage Genesis 37 The passage that I felt reflected this situation the best was of Joseph and his brothers being jealous. Joseph receiving his coat from Jacob is a sign of love towards his son to the exclusion of the other sons/brothers. The brothers reaction to this situation was one that led to Joseph being separated from his family as they sold him to be a slave. The brothers reaction could not be hidden within them but was publicly acknowledged between them and towards Joseph himself with a lack of greeting or salutation.[2] The selling of Joseph should not have happened, and was not actually planned but the opportunistic nature of the brothers, brought a situation to pass which ultimately was used by God for a greater purpose (Gen. 50.20). The hatching of a plan to tell Jacob about the death of Joseph had wider issues for the brother as their fathers grief was great. [3] The brothers jealousy led to the pain of Joseph as a slave and then in prison. The pain of Jacob in the act of grief over Joseph, the story does not tell us of the life of the brothers and Jacob but the grief would have been a long running issue within the house hold. The brothers had to live with knowing that they had caused this grief. Parallels between the Thick Description and Biblical Passage If the people in the thick description were the biblical characters it would be: A was Joseph, J was the brothers, VW was Jacob and to an extent I was the caravan of Ishmaelites. Js jealousy of A was great and in effect trying to sell A to me as someone who was of no value and a trouble maker. Reflecting on this now I could see that if this was to carry on then there could be great pain for VW in the long term and then the ripple effect of this amongst the church community. New Insights and Action Reflecting on the theology of Joseph and this pastoral care situation I would have addressed it in the following way: Not challenged Js behaviour towards A in the initial instance. I should have listened to the problem that was being raised and dealt with that in the way that I did. I would have then arranged another meeting with J to discuss her behaviour and attitude towards A. In a follow up pastoral care situation I would have addressed the feelings of J towards the relationship between A and VW. I would have asked her to share how seeing the relationship form made her feel and why she felt that this might be an issue. Hopefully over time she would have seen her jealousy was not necessarily something that should have been an issue. This may have taken a few pastoral encounters to come to a conclusion. There may have also been a need for a time of reconciliation between J and A and also a session between J, A and VW to discuss the feelings between the three of them. I would have been a good person to facilitate this as I was neutral in the situation and had a relationship with the people involved where there could be honesty and openness. Word Count: 1563 Appendix 1 This situation was part of a larger situation that soon unravelled within the church community so the new actions and insights are speculative as to how I would have handled the situation if it had continued. Bibliography Killen, Patricia OConnell, and John De Beer, The Art Of Theological Reflection, 1st edn (New York: Crossroad, 2014) Longman, Tremper, How To Read Genesis, 1st edn (Downers Grove, Ill.: Authentic Media, 2005) Mounce, William D, The Crossway Comprehensive Concordance Of The Holy Bible, 1st edn (Wheaton, Ill.: Crossway Books, 2002) Thompson, Judith, Stephen Pattison, and Ross Thompson, SCM Studyguide To Theological Reflection, 1st edn (London: SCM Press, 2008) UpChurch, John, and Association Counselors, Genesis 37:4 Commentary John Gills Exposition Of The Bible, Bible Study Tools,2017 [accessed 17 March 2017] [1] Killen and Beer, The Art of Theological Reflection, p. 21 [2] UpChurch, Exposition of the Bible, [3] Longman, How to Read Genesis, p.151

Taming of the Shrew: Male Domination Essay -- English Literature Essay

Taming of the Shrew: Male Domination The Taming of the Shrew, by William Shakespeare, deals with marriage. The ideas explored are primarily shown through the characters of Petruchio and Katharina. We are introduced to the trials and tribulation's which present themselves in their everyday lives. The characters bring up a traditional concept of male domination. Through the play we see the need for domination through Petruchio, and the methods he uses to dominate. While these ideas of male domination have remained a constant throughout the years, however recently there has been a change toward equality. Males continually want to be the best, being a distinct priority in their lives. Knowing that they are the best acts as a control valve in their life. This is best demonstrated in our own society through sports. Men trained to be brutal "killers." When a sports career is over men are left with a void to vent frustration. This characteristic of today's society can also be seen in Shakespeare's time in the sport of falconing. Falconry is the sport of taming a wild falcon. The falcon's spirit has to be broken before the taming can occur. After the spirit is broken, the animal can be tamed. Men's training in and enjoyment of falconry connects to their desire for dominance in a human relationship. This type of domination easily relates to spousal relationships. If a wife acts disobediently and like a shrew then a need for "taming" can evolve. William Whately, author of A Bride-Bush, justifies the occasions that a husband can use violence against his wife. "But yet if a wife will put upon herself even servile conditions, if she will abase herself foolish, childish, slavish behavior, I see why the rod or staff or wand should not be for the fool's back in this case also. (Whately, 224)" Acting in "foolish, childish, slavish" behavior permits the husband to teach the wife wrongful doing and therefore taming her not to be a shrew. This circumstance relates to that of a parent spanking a child when discipline is n eeded. The point is to teach not to do wrongful things. Men revert back to their need to be the best, and to dominate in a spousal relationship fills that void. Petruchio tames Katharina on several occasions. The first taming scene is during Petruchio and Katharina's wedding. Petruchio shows up in "a new hat and an old jerkin; a pair of old breeche... ...eir husband, and because of this domestic violence is taken more seriously. The ideals represented in Taming of the Shrew are out dated. We, as Americans, have come towards a concept of equality in relationships. Male dominant relationships were common thought out the forties and fifties in the United States. Women were deemed as housewives, whose job was to clean and have dinner ready for their husband's return from work. Imagining women in that type of status is difficult to do in society. Families are not a place for a tyranny. Families are a source of love, not a place to dominate through order. Two people are certainly collectively smarter than one person. Male dominating treatment towards women is hard to comprehend. If one looks back on the stereotypical relationships of our grandparents during the forties and fifties, the many changes with today's generation easily juxtapose. We see women with high paying jobs and powerful positions in life. Single women raising families have become a recent trend. A sense of how far we as a society have come since Shakespeare's time to today verifies that male domination is dying out. We as a society have shifted towards equality.

The Character of Ophelia in Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Character of Ophelia in Hamlet      Ã‚   Of all the pivotal characters in Hamlet, Ophelia is the most static and one-dimensional. She has the potential to become a tragic heroine; to overcome the adversities inflicted upon her, but she instead crumbles into insanity, becoming merely tragic. This is because Ophelia herself is not as important as her representation of the duel nature of women in the play. Ophelia serves a distinct purpose: to show at once Hamlet's warped view of women as callous sexual predators, and the innocence and virtue of women.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The extent to which Hamlet feels betrayed by Gertrude is far more apparent with the addition of Ophelia to the play. Hamlet's feelings of rage against his mother can be directed toward Ophelia, who is, in his estimation, hiding her base nature behind a guise of impeccability. Through Ophelia we witness Hamlet's evolution, or de-evolution into a man convinced that all women are whores; that the women who seem most pure are inside black with corruption and sexual desire. And if women are harlots, then they must have their procurers. Gertrude has been made a whore by Claudius, and Ophelia has been made a whore by her father. In Act II, Polonius makes arrangements to use the alluring Ophelia to discover why Hamlet is behaving so curiously. Hamlet is not in the room but it seems obvious from the following lines that he has overheard Polonius trying to use his daughter's charms to suit his underhanded purposes. In Hamlet's distraught mind, there is no gray area: Polonius prostitutes his daughter. And Hamlet tells him so to his face, labeling him a "fishmonger", even if Polonius cannot decipher the meaning behind Hamlet's words. As Kay Stanton argues in her essay Hamlet's Whores:    Perhaps it may be granted...that what makes a woman a whore in the Hamlets' estimation is her sexual use by not one man but by more than one man.... what seems to enrage [Hamlet] in the 'nunnery' interlude is that Ophelia has put her sense of love and duty for another man above her sense of love and duty for him, just as Gertrude put her sense of love and duty for her new husband above her sense of love and duty for her old. Gertrude chose a brother over a dead Hamlet; Ophelia chooses a father over a living Hamlet: both choices can be read as additionally sexually perverse in being, to Hamlet, 'incestuous'.

An Imperialistic Love Triangle in “The Quiet American”

The Orient is traditionally viewed as separate, backward, erotic, exotic, and passive. It mirrors a past of unscrupulous tyrannical power involving carnal pleasures and deviating from the restrictive morals of the â€Å"occidental. † The Orient displays feminine vulnerability with its progress and value judged as inferior to the West. Graham Greene’s The Quiet American presents the treatment of Phuong as a metaphor for how foreign occupying forces treat her native country of Vietnam, and her depiction as having no control in matters of her love life is a motif of the Orient being a feminized other.Hegemonic masculinity is a sociological term referring to the socialization of men producing normative perceptions of masculinity to be correlated in being unemotional and dominating others, especially women. Hegemonic masculinity brings an interesting pairing to the ideals of post-colonial imperialism in Vietnam. The French, British, and American all have aimed to elevate the people out of ignorance and savagery, and lead them to a more sophisticated social and political livelihood. They engaged in a gendered polarity with themselves and the effeminate other, Vietnam.Love PoemIn The Quiet American, the French, British and Americans viewed Vietnam as a feminized entity. It is non-threatening and an outlet for the carnal pleasures and delights of all things exotic: women, opium and trade. As such with the context of this paper, Pyle and Fowler's battle over Phuong is a clash of male dominance. Phuong is the most interesting character in Greene’s novel. She is depicted as a voiceless beauty without any power or opinions of her own. As her sister Hei affirms in Chapter 3 of part 1, â€Å"[s]he is the most beautiful girl in Saigon. [†¦] She is delicate, [†¦] She needs care. She deserves care.She is very, very loyal† (Greene, 46). At this part of the novel, Hei meets Pyle and instantly wants to set her sister up in a marriage with him. Hei sees him as a better match than Fowler because he is younger, single and wants children. The underlining stereotype that is reinforced through the Phuong character is a feminine and weak Oriental awaiting the dominance of the West. She is a defenseless woman that exists for, and in terms of, her Caucasian male lovers. Her role in the love triangle is reminiscent of her homeland’s colonial restraints. She is only presented in terms of what the two men want from her.Pyle wants her to become a typical American housewife with children. Fowler wants her to remain just as she is: his servant and lover. This love triangle and the emotions that the male characters feel towards Phuong correlate to deep personal sentiments of the way they feel about the country of Vietnam itself. Vietnam becomes feminized, taboo, and sexualized just as Phuong does in Pyle and Fowler's eyes. The novel’s rendering of the central plot involving Fowler and Pyle struggle over Phuong represents t he approach that Britain and America engaged in their fight to â€Å"save† Vietnam from communism.Pyle's' intentions toward Phuong, although similar in some cases to Fowler's, harbors fundamental differences. Both men view Phuong as a sort of object that needs to be saved or require some sort of assistance in order to endure life. When Pyle falls in love with Phuong upon their first encounter, he decides that he must do whatever he can or whatever he deems necessary in order to â€Å"save† Phuong from a deprived existence. This is the exact same way that Pyle views Vietnam and its present condition. In Chapter 1 part 2, Pyle suggests that Vietnam is in need of a Third Force to combat the Communists.In response, Fowler states: â€Å"He would have to learn for himself the real background that held you as a smell does: the gold of the rice fields under a flat late sun: the fisher’s fragile cranes hovering over the fields like mosquitoes: the cups of tea on an old abbot’s platform, with his bed and his commercial calendars, his buckets and broken cups and the junk of a lifetime washed up around his chair: the mollusk hats of the girls repairing the road where a mine had burst†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (23) Pyle spoke about how a Third Force is needed in Vietnam, yet he does not have a clue about the workings of the country.He is so absorbed in trying to spread the ideal of freedom of democracy that he neglects the significance of applying culturally appropriate approaches in relations to Indo-China. The Vietnamese government can make their own choices concerning political rule, however America’s anti- Communist agenda thwarts their ability to do so. This reflects the American stereotype of being overly idealistic, naive, and arrogant as they feel the need to meddle in issues of other nations in hopes to enlighten them to become more progressive. On the other hand, Fowler has learned to appreciate Phuong and Vietnam.The â€Å"gold of the ri ce fields, the fishers' fragile cranes,† and other beautiful aspects of this country have made him adopt it as his own. Fowler understands Vietnam and is fond of it; Pyle does not understand Vietnam and wants to improve it. Consequently, Fowler does not want to become concerned with the circumstances occurring in Vietnam and does not become involved in the situation between Pyle and Phuong until he is forced to do so. He prides himself on having no opinions and not taking sides, but instead he believes himself to be a true reporter who only observes.The British act in a similar fashion. The great imperial power of Great Britain historically is known to have a hands-off approach with their colonies and common wealth. They embrace some of the traditional and ethnic practices and social structures of the region; yet require both financial and political loyalty of their Oriental provinces. He essentially permits Phuong to decide whom she wants to be with until he is compelled to l eave his state of neutrality when it no longer benefits him.In a similar way, Fowler believed that Vietnam should be able to choose what would occur in its own future although he worries that they would make the wrong decision and elect a Communist leader. Fowler is not in love with Phuong but he wants her. He wants things between them to remain the way they are. He does not want her to marry Pyle. In this sense his motive to murder Pyle is partly personal as well as political. He spends a lot of time justifying his involvement with Pyle's murder as the only way of stopping him from doing further damage to the Vietnamese people, yet his true motives are more complex.In Chapter 2 of part 2, Fowler's discourse on Phuong reads very sexist and racist in his conversation with Pyle. â€Å"But she loves you, doesn't she? † â€Å"Not like that. It isn't in their nature. You'll find that out. It's a cliche to call them children–but there's one thing which is childish. They lov e you in return for kind-ness, security, the presents you give them-they hate you for a blow or an injustice. They don't know what it's like -just walking into a room and loving a stranger. For an aging man, Pyle, it's very secure-she won't run away from home so long as the home is happy. I hadn't meant to hurt him. I only realized I had done it when he said with muffled anger, â€Å"She might prefer a greater security or more kindness† (125). In the quote above, Fowler believes that Phuong and other Vietnamese women only â€Å"love† men based on what they give them and how secure the men make them feel. For Fowler, this notion is ideal for he believes that Phuong’s proclivity for loyalty will prevent her from leaving him as she is like a child who loves in return for kindness, gifts, and security. Both Fowler and Pyle objectify Phuong in different ways, but with the same result.In Chapter 3 of part 2, Fowler praises Phuong for her readiness to comply with his s exual demands: â€Å"Kiss me, Phuong. † She had no coquetry. (†¦) she would have made love if I had asked her to, straight away, peeling off her trousers without question†¦ (143). She services Fowler by preparing his opium pipes and providing him with sex any time he wants it. When Pyle shows an interest in her, Phuong abandons Fowler to live with Pyle. She shows little reaction to Pyle's death but readily moves back in with Fowler. In addition to Phuong’s depiction as a sexual object, opium is in its own right serves as a thematic object in The Quiet American.The heavy use of opium by Thomas Fowler portrays the lack of moral dexterity of the colonial powers. It is associated with indolence and vice for the Fowler character. He is mostly concerned with his ability to live as comfortable a life as possible in Vietnam. He writes the occasional news article for the British newspaper he s employed by, but prefers to spend his time smoking opium and enjoying the c ompany of Phuong. He smokes opium, which enhances his sense of total detachment, even from his own death. Nothing matters to him and he has no real ambitions except to avoid being sent back to England and to the an estranged wife.Opium is a highly addicted recreational drug used in Indo-China. The fact that Fowler smokes opium so frequently highlights his link to Vietnam and the moral conflicts revolved around the pleasure he takes in his Vietnamese life such as his lover, the people, and the culture. In sum, Phuong’s role in The Quiet America’s main plot reflects the dichotomy of imperialism in Indo-China and an ongoing love triangle. When Pyle discusses Phuong with Fowler, he starts talking about love, but Fowler replies: â€Å"Love’s a Western word†¦we use it for sentimental reasons or to cover up an obsession with one woman.These people don’t suffer from obsessions. † Phuong exists for the benefit of her lovers and even for her own sister to ensure her own security. Vietnam provided its colonizers what they wanted. Its people didn’t care who ruled them, they gave loyalty to any who could preserve a livelihood with the necessities such as food, jobs, and national defense. Likewise, Phuong’s decision to remain with Fowler wasn’t a consequence of her being a victim of circumstance, but of her playing an active role in maintaining survival through the protection of marriage.

Ncm 104 Lecture Notes

NCM 104 DERMATOLOGIC DISORDERS I. REVIEW OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM SKIN – also known as the integument which means covering – largest organ system – barrier between external and internal environment FUNCTIONS OF THE SKIN 1) Protection – protects from trauma (Mechanical, Radiation, Thermal) – thickened skin on palms and soles provides additional covering against trauma r/t constant use – Intact skin – primary defense (prevents invasion of microorganisms) – secretions(from sebaceous gland) are oily and slightly acidic (prevents/limits the mult. of mcgs) 2) Maintenance of Homeostasis prevents excessive loss of water and electrolytes 3) Thermoregulation – affected by: > production of perspiration (dehydration fever) > activity > constriction (v dissipation of heat) and dilation of blood vessels > external BT -body’s core temperature 4) Reception of stimuli – area in the brain – SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX â₠¬â€œ abundance of free nerve endings and receptors * NOCICEPTOR – pain * END-ORGAN OF RUFFINI/PACINIAN CORPUSCLE – pressure * MECHANORECEPTOR – machanical * MEISSNER’S CORPUCLES (MERKEL DISCS/CELLS) – touch 5) Synthesis of vitamin D – helps the uptake of Ca2+ and PO4 in intracellular level with the aid of sunlight activates Vitamin D to D3 (Cholecalciferol) 6) Immunity/processing of antigenic substances – immunologically mediated defenses against microorganisms Ex. Langerhans cells Keratinocytes 7) Provide an outward appearance or cosmetic adornment – acceptance of the appearance of the skin, hair, or nail is critical to psychosocial being 8) Excretion – skin has a vital role in elimination of Na+ and H2O for homeostasis (maintaining balance in the internal environment) STRUCTURES OF THE SKIN LAYERS OF THE SKIN 1) EPIDERMIS – avascular in nature – Thickness: 0. 04 mm (eyelids- thinnest) to 1. mm (palms and soles- thickest) 4 Cell types of the Epidermis a) Keratinocytes – 95% – Produces Keratin – insoluble protein – helps create a waterproof barrier – function in immunity – control water loss b) Melanocytes – located at the base of the epidermis – Produces Melanin – responsible for skin color and absorption of UV light – the darker you are, the more protection against cancer – acts as an umbrella covering that shields DNA from UV c) Merkel’s cell – It is located at the basal layer of the epidermis but can usually be located only with the use of an electron microscope – one of the receptors scarcely located in the palms, soles, oral and genital epithelium d) Langerhan’s cell – play a role in cell-mediated immune responses in coordination with T cell – originates in the bone marrow and migrates into the epidermis Layers of the Epidermis a) Stratum Germinativum/Basale â⠂¬â€œ innermost – cells are columnar in shape – where melanin is found in greatest amount – lies close to the dermis layer – cells at the basale layer receives nutrition from the dermis via diffusion and undergo mitosis every 19 days and older cells are pushed upward undergoing changes in shape and chemical composition through a process known as keratinization ) Stratum Spinosum – cells are irregularly-shaped known as prickle cells (have sharp cytoplasmic projection at the covering) c) Stratum Granulosum – cells are nucleated granular cells which contain keratohyalin granules (contain lipids with desmosomal connections which helps to form waterproof barrier) water loss from the body *not responsible for water loss in the pores d) Stratum Lucidum – thin transparent layer Skin moisture-can only be seen in thick skin like the palms and soles immunity e) Stratum Corneum – composed of dead keratinized cells (contain keratin -acidic in nature) – serves as a durable overcoat of the body DESQUAMATION – natural process of breaking apart of dead skin cells; for every 35-35 days, an individual will have a new epidermal skin Epidermal Appendages a) Eccrine glands – sweat-producing gland – thermoregulation – can be found throughout the skin but with some exemptions – numerous on palms, soles, axilla and forehead – not found in: Vermillion border(junction of the pink area of lips surrounding skin) Lips, Ears, Nailbeds, Glans penis,Labia minora b) Apocrine glands – function is not clearly known – abundant in the axilla, breast, areola, anoogenital area, ear canal, and eyelids c) Sebaceous glands release of sebum (has lubricating and bactericidal effect) – can be found all throughout the skin except on the palms, soles, and axilla d) Hair – a non-viable protein end-product – found in all skin surfaces except palms and soles e) Nails †“ horny scales of the epidermis 2) DERMIS – a dense-layer of tissue beneath the epidermis – gives the skin most of its substances and structures – 1—4 mm (thickest dermis is found in the back) – has characteristics for: ->WOUND HEALING: because it contains fibroblast, macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes -> MAINTENANCE OF EQUILIBRIUM: because it contains lymphatic, vascular, and nerve supply Layers of the Dermis a) Papillary Layer -upper dermal region with finger-like projections -contains: >papillary loops (provide nutrients to the epidermis) >Pain receptors b) Reticular Layer – deepest skin layer – contains BV, sweat glands, and deep pressure receptor (Pacinian corpuscles) – abundant phagocytes are located – as one ages, depleted collagen and elastic fibers -collagen for TOUGHNESS OF EPIDERMIS – Elastic fiber for SKIN ELASTICITY 3) SUBCUTANEOUS FAT/ HYPODERMIS – AKA adipose layer – Functions: * S ource of energy * Hormone metabolism * Insulation from extreme hot and cold Cushion to trauma -specialized layer of connective tissue -absent in the: eyelids, scrotum, areola, tibia ASSESSMENT OF CLIENTS WITH INTEGUMENTARY DISORDERS A) SUBECTIVE DATA HISTORY TAKING – assess for pre-existing factors 1) Chief complaint (if Derma conditions already exists) – Assessment on itchiness, dryness, rashes, lesions, ecchymosis, lumps & mass – Changes in skin, hair, and nails – Onset of the condition – Other accompanying symptoms with known cause (pain, fever, swelling, redness) – Alleviating factor such as cold weather 2) Past Health History – Hx of previous derma disease Previous trauma and symptoms; interventions – Other systemic illnesses relevant to the skin such as immunologic, endocrine, vascular, renal, or hepatic conditions – Age of onset – Particular season/month of the year – Treatment done – Immuniza tion status – Recent exposure to insects/childhood diseases 3) Known exposure to communicable disease (school, neighbourhood) 4) Travel to foreign countries/places – possible environmental factors that the patient is exposed to Ex. Poison ivy 5) Medications currently being taken/ has recently finished – Photosensitivity drugs- causes sunburn-like rashes in areas of exposureEx. Phenothiazides Tetracyclines Diuretics Sulfonamides – topical preparations containing derivatives of ingredients which are known as sensitizing Ex. Neomycin Ethylaminobenzoate/ benzocaine Diphenhydramine HCl 6) Occupation and recreational activities – exposure to irritants and chemicals either in the home or environment Ex. Prolonged exposure to the sun Unusual cold exposure 7) Allergies – medications or foods – assess if after ingestion, complains of itchiness, burning, or eruption of rashes – substances that cause local, skin irritations/lesions with di rect contact Ex. Textile, Metal (Ni), Wool Allergic reaction could trigger skin discoloration & eruption of rashes, skin irritation *oral corticosteroids which may cause Acne breakouts, Thinning of the skin, Stretch marks, and Other systemic manifestations if this is used at high dose or routinely 8) Family health history – Family lifestyle and living environment – Genetically transmitted Derma conditions such as: * Alopecia * Psoriasis * Atopic dermatitis – Systemic diseases with derma manifestations such as: * DM * LE * Blood dyscrasia 9) Habits (the patient as an individual) – hygiene practices – products/cosmetics use – changes in clothing or bedding diet (sufficient intake of nutrients like H2O, vitamins and dietary fats) -Exercise -Sleep patterns which affect circulation, nourishment, and repair of the skin B) OBECTIVE DATA – appraise the entire skin surface on head-to-toe including oral mucosa – appraise thoroughly †“ use INSPECTION, PALPATION, OLFACTION PHYSICAL APPRAISAL 1) Color – areas of irregular pigmentation (hypo/hyperpigmentation) – Paleness/pallor – Cyanosis – Jaundice – Assess sclera for a very dark person 2) Texture – palpation (stroke the patient with the fingertips lightly to assess texture) – NORMAL: Smooth, Soft, Resilient, No areas of lumps, No unusual hickening/thinning 3) Moisture – hydration level of the skin for both wetness(Fluidity) and oiliness(Sebum) – assess INTERTRIGINOUS AREAS (parts which have skin-to-skin contact like axilla & groin) – NORMAL: Well-hydrated but not excessively moist 4) Temperature – use the dorsum of the hand – compare hypothermia/hyperthermia with the area on the opposite side – NORMAL: uniformly warm 5) Turgor – skin’s elasticity – the time it takes for the skin and underlying tissue to return to its original contour after being pinch ed up (usually on the abdominal area) -older individuals: v skin turgor – NORMAL: 3 sec ) Odor – NORMAL: free from pungent odors – usually present in the axilla, skin folds, open wounds related to presence of bacteria in the skin 7) Presence and characteristics of Lesions MANIFESTATIONS OF SKIN DISORDERS 1) LESIONS PRIMARY LESIONS– first lesions to appear on the skin and has a recognizable structure in response to some changes in the external and internal environment A. Erythema – redness and inflammation (skin/mucous membrane) – result of dilation and congestion of superficial capillaries – Ex. Nervous blush, Sunburn B. Macule – unelevated change in color – flat – 1mm-1cm – circumscribed Ex. Freckles, measles, petechiae, flat moles PATCHES – larger than 1 cm and may have irregular shape – Portwine birthmarks, Vitiligo (White Patches) C. Papule – small, circumscribed, solid elevation, 1 mm-1cm – Ex. Warts, Acne, Pimple, Elevated moles D. Vesicle – circumscribed round or oval – thin translucent mass – filled with serous fluid or blood – 1mm-1cm – Ex. Herpes simplex, Early chicken pox, Small burn blisters E. Bullae – Large blisters (larger than vesicle) – Ex. 2nd degree burn, Herpes simplex (Big) F. Pustule – Vesicle or bullae filled with pus – Ex. Acne vulgaris, Impetigo G. Nodule elevated solid hard mass that extends deeper into the dermis than a papule – have a circumscribed border – 2cm – irregular border – Ex. Malignant melanoma, Hemangioma I. Wheal – reddened localize collection of edema fluid – irregular in shape – varies in size – Ex. Hives, Mosquito bites J. Plaque – raised lesion formed from merging of papules and nodules – >1cm – Ex. Psoriasis, Rubeolla K. Cyst – elevated, encapsulated, fluid-filled mass arising from SC tissues – 1cm or larger – Ex. Sebaceous cyst, Epidermoid cyst L. Comedo – accumulation of sebum and keratin within a hair follicle – occurs due to clogging 2 types: Open comedo (black head) Closed comedo (white head) M. Telangiectasia – permanent dilation of capillaries in the skin SECONDARY LESIONS – develop/occur if changes occur in the primary lesions – relate to client’s health status, environment, & status of the epidermal layer – possible causes: Scratching, Rubbing, Medications, Natural disease progression, Process of involution or Healing A. Crust (SCAB) – a rough dry area formed by the coagulation of drying plasma or exudates – could be a dried sebum, serum, blood, or pus on skin surface producing a temporary barrier to the environment – Ex. Impetigo, Eczema, Healing of burns/LesionsB. Scales – dried fragments of sloughed epidermal cells – irregular in shape an d size – colors vary from White, Tan, Yellow, to Silver -Ex. Dandruff, Dry skin, Psoriasis C. Ulcer – depressed lesion in which entire epidermis and upper layer of dermis are lost – could be due to trauma or tissue destruction – irregular in shape and exudative – Ex. Stasis ulcer D. Fissure – deep linear split through epidermis into dermis – Ex. Tinea pedis E. Scar – Mark left on skin after healing F. Hyperkeratotic Plaque (Callus/ â€Å"Kalyo†) – excessive thickness of the epidermal layer caused by chronic friction or pressure ) PRURITUS – unpleasant skin sensation that provoke the desire to scratch – Skin, Certain MM, Eyes, Perineum, Nostril, External ear canal – r/t mechanical stimulation of chemical mediator – r/t systemic disease – Chicken pox, Severe liver disease, DM , Uremia 3) PAIN – stimulation of Nociceptor 4) SWELLING – due to release of chemical mediato rs 5) REDNESS – due to hyperemia 6) SYSTEMIC ss – fever (release of pseudothermoregulators), leucocytosis (^WBC) DIAGNOSTIC TESTS 1) LAB TEST a. Tzanck smear – Named after Arnault Tzanck – Aka Chickenpox test/ Herpes skin test A microscopic assessment of fluid and cells from vesicles or bullae – Top of vesicle is cut with the use of scalpel then a smear is taken from the base of vesicle using the scalpel – Differentiates vesicular disorders – may identify a virus (-) reaction – vesicle from burns (+) H. Simplex or Acantholytic cells; varicella virus; multinucleated giant cells b. KOH test – done if the causative agent is suspected to be a fungus – the specimen (smear) is treated with 10-20% of KOH before microscopic study Normal or (-) result shows no Fungi (No dermatophytes/yeast) c. Culture – done to identify the specific microorganisms to determine specific antibiotic treatment 2) SKIN BIOPSY – ex . Dermal punch biopsy – a sample of skin tissue is removed, processed, & examined under a microscope – 4 types: 1. Excision Biopsy – entire skin area is cut 2. Punch Biopsy – a small cylinder of skin is removed 3. Shave biopsy – outermost part of a lesion is shaved off with a scalpel 4. Aspiration biopsy – indicated for fluid-filled lesion 3) WOOD’S LIGHT EXAMINATION – Skin is viewed under UV light through a special glass (Wood’s glass ) to identify superficial infections of the skin – Place the patient in a dark room before examination 4) SKIN TESTING used to identify substances causing the allergy – 3 ways: 1. Scratch test – aka Puncture/Prick test – Pricking the skin 2. Intradermal test – Similar to Tuberculin test *DURATION OF TEST FOR BOTH SCRATCH AND INTRADERMAL TEST IS 5-10 MINS OR 15 MINS 3. Patch Test – the allergen is placed on a patch then placed on the skin – D uration: 48 hours (2 days) 4 TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS TYPE I (ANAPHYLACTIC/IMMEDIATE HYPERSENSITIVITY) – may involve the skin (disorders such as urticarial or eczema), eyes (conjunctivitis), nasopharynx (rhinorrhea/ rhinitis), bronchopulmonary tissues (asthma), GIT (gastroenteritits) rxn may range from minor inconveniences to death (r/t bronchopulmonary constriction-vO2) – takes 15 to 30 minutes from the time of exposure – delayed onset of type I = 10 to 12 hours – mediated by Ig E – primary cell components : Mast cell and Basophil TYPE II (CYTOTOXIC HYPERSENSITIVITY) – may affect variety of organs and tissues – reaction time: minutes to hour after exposure – mediated by Ig G and Ig M – ex. Drug-induced haemolytic anemia Granulocytopenia Thrombocytopenia TYPE III (IMMUNE-COMPLEX HYPERSENSITIVITY) – the type of reaction is considered as GENERAL – ex. Serum sickness may involve individual organ suc h as the skin (SLE and Arthus reaction), kidneys, lungs, blood vessels and joints – reaction time: 3 to 10 hours – mediated by soluble immune complexes particularly Ig G TYPE IV (CELL-MEDIATED/ DELAYED TYPE) – ex. Mantoux test (PTB test), PPV test, tuberculin test – 48 to 72 hours (2 to 3 days) II. SKIN DISORDERS A. DERMATITIS/ECZEMA – Inflammation of the epidermal layer – Rashes are characterized by itching and redness Types: I. Contact Dermatitis – Inflammatory reaction either caused by Allergens or Irritants – utilize PATCH TEST to identify the cause – 2 TYPES BASED ON ETIOLOGY: Irritant Contact Dermatitis – Most common – There is no allergic reaction but there is inflammation that occurs because of either a PHYSICAL or CHEMICAL IRRITANTS – Manifestations: > Lesions appear sooner > Appear on exposed areas – Ex. Mechanical (glass fiber, wool) Chemical (cleaning compounds, perfume) Physical ( clothing, stuff toy) * Allergic Contact Dermatitis – A Delayed type (TYPE 4) of hypersensitivity rxn from contact with allergens – Immune-mediated response by previously sensitized Lymphocytes to specific antigen (allergen) – Ex. Drugs (Penicillin, Sulfonylamides) Metals (Nickel)Spandex Rubber Bra – MANAGEMENT OF CONTACT DERMATITIS: 1. Topical corticosteroids – use BID for 2 weeks – causes thinning of the skin 2. Oral Antibiotics – if lesions develop into 2’ lesion or if 2’ infection sets in 3. Oral Antihistamines, Topical Antipruritic agents, Colloid oatmeal baths – to control itching – NURSING INTERVENTIONS 1. Avoiding irritants and sensitizing substances 2. Wear appropriate clothing 3. Wear gloves 4. Use mild soap products II. Atopic Dermatitis – Genetically-based skin disorder that is both chronic and relapsing ( bec. it involves type 1 rxn) – Strongly linked with asthma and hay fever Most common in children Immunologic irregularity (Cytokines and inflammatory mediators) v Vasoconstriction of Superficial vessel v vProtective barrier function of the skin – FOCUS OF NURSING CARE in managing atopic dermatitis is geared toward addressing the social and emotional disturbances and sleep pattern disturbance – EXACERBATING FACTORS: * Change in temperature COLD – Dry skin HOT – Vasodilation > Inflammation> Itching & Redness * Other irritants * Physiologic Stress – direct stress to the area * Exercise – loss of H2O > Dryness – MANAGEMENT OF ATOPIC DERMATITIS (SYMPTOMATIC ONLY; NO CURE): 1. Hydrating the Skin Cornerstone of management – Apply moisturizer 3-4x a day to reestablish hydration of the S. corneum 2. Corticosteroid a. Systemic b. Topical * – Educate on: * Proper Application (Only apply to area being affected) * Duration of Use (BID X 2 weeks) * Side effects: Thinning of the skin Jeopardizing the immune sys tem – Application of WET WRAPPINGS – To enhance absorption and – Helps decrease pruritus 3. Protopic ointment (tacrolimus); pimecrolimus (Elidel) – IMMUNOMODULATORS (block T cell activation) – Indication: Moderate to Severe atopic dermatitis – Side effects: Itching, Burning, Irritation for few days Avoid sunlight/ artificial sunlight for prolonged periods (photosensitivity rxn) 4. Antihistamines – for itchiness 5. Antibiotic – if secondary infection sets in III. Seborrheic Dermatitis – Eczematous eruptions typically occur in hairy areas – Sebaceous gland in which there is an increase amount and alteration in the quality of sebum/serum – Usually occurs on Scalp, Eyebrow, Central chest, Face, Genital skin fold – PREDISPOSING FACTORS: 1. Family history of skin diseases 2. Winter months – symptoms usually worsen (drying effect) 3. Over growth of yeast organisms ( secondary to fungal infection) Inf lammatory changes Around sebaceous glands and hair follicles) v Red, greasy scales (Characteristic symptom > scale) – MANAGEMENT: 1. Mild – Tar, Selenium, Zinc, or Ketoconazole shampoo preparations > Have antibacterial effect on the normal flora found at the hair follicles 2. Chronic – Topical corticosteroids > To flatten thick, scaly plaques (SCALP) – Low potency topical steroids/ topical antifungal agents (FACIAL) IV. Stasis Dermatitis – Eczematous eruption common in lower extremities occurring in older persons – PREDISPOSING FACTORS: 1. Varicosities (venous insufficiency) 2. Poor circulation vVenous return (From legs) Substances remain in the tissues v Irritation, brawny colored skin associated with edema v Itching (May or May not occur) v Scratches v Break in the epidermis (Stasis ulcer) v 2’ infection – MANAGEMENT (prevention of predisposing factors): 1. Treatment of peripheral vascular conditions 2. Prevent constriction o f the circulation 3. Treat lower extremity edema * Elevate lower extremity (CI: Cardio/Pulmonary problems) * Compression stockings * Unna boots (bandage application on the lower extremities) 4. Topical corticosteroids – To address itching and scratches V. Lichen Simplex Chronicus Usually occurs in the Wrist, Ankles, and Back of the skull (Easily reached) – A localized, well-circumscribed eczematous eruption caused by repeated rubbing and scratching – Aka ITCH-SCRATCH CYCLE – PREDISPOSING FACTOR: Stress where scratching becomes habitual and worse at NIGHT – elephant skin B. ACNE – An inflammatory disease of sebaceous follicle marked with comedone, macules, and papules TYPES: I. Acne Vulgaris – Occurs on the Face, Neck, Upper chest, & Buttocks – Common among adolescents (80%) & may occur in adults – PREDISPOSING FACTORS: 1. Stress (activation of hormone production) 2.Heredity (familial tendency of androgen imbalance) 3. En docrine (hormonal imbalances) 4. Diet (free fatty acids) Puberty [^Androgen] (Sebaceous glands undergo enlargement) v Produce sebum v Binds with debris (Keratin, Bacteria, Cell fragments) v Plug hair follicle v Comedo (open/close) v Inflammation (Papules, Pustules, Nodules, Cyst) – MANAGEMENT: 1. Topical Benzoyl Peroxide Retinoids Retinoid-like drugs such as Adapaline, Tretinoids, Azeleic acid Antibiotics such as Clindamycin, Erythromycin, & Sulfa-based agents *Don’t self-medicate 2. Systemic Antibiotic – indicated for inflammatory acne lesionsIsotretinoin (Accutane) – vitamin A analog – Side effx: Dry lips & conjunctiva, and skin hairloss, muscle ache, photosensitivity, mood disturbance – prevents pregnancy, ^Risk of birth defects 3. Intralesional therapy – NURSING CARE: 1. Keep hands and hair away from face 2. Avoid exposure to oil and greases a. Eat well-balanced diet b. Wash face 2 or 3X a day with mild cleanser c. Use only water- based cosmetics II. Acne Rosacea – Characterized as a RED facial rash which mostly affect 30-60 y/o – It has both vascular and acne component – Chronic, localized eruption with vascular and acne characteristic – PREDISPOSITION: . Affects women more than men ( S/S is more severe in female) 2. Fair complexion individuals are more inclined 3. Familial predisposition – CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Red papules (sometimes pustules) – usually located on nose, forehead, cheeks, chin, rarely involves trunk and upper limbs 2. Blushing or flushing (â€Å"Red face†) – telangiectasia 3. Dry and flaky facial skin 4. Enlarged unshapely nose with sebaceous hyperplasia (the pores will become prominent) and rhinophyma (fibrous thickening) 5. Eye symptoms – eyelid inflammation/ conjunctivitis *Appearance of Lesion: DOME-SHAPED (no black/white heads; no deep cyst/lumps) MANAGEMENTS: 1. Antibiotics (Tetracycline) including doxycycline and minocycline – Duration : 6-12 weeks – to reduce inflammation (redness, papules, pustules and eye symptoms) 2. Topical: metronidazole/ Azeleic acid cream or lotion – applied 2x a day directly to the affected area 3. Nutraceuticals / clonidine – ? -2 recepto agonists > reduce vasodilation > vflushing/redness in the area 4. Anti-inflammatory drugs (diclofenac) – to reduce discomfort and redness on the affected skin – NURSING INTERVENTIONS: 1. Avoid oil-based facial creams 2. Use water-based make-up 3. Never apply a topical steroid (to the rosacea) . Protect yourself from the sun. (Use light oil-free facial sunscreens) 5. Keep your face cool: minimize your exposure to hot or spicy foods, alcohol, hot showers and baths and warm rooms. C. PSORIASIS – A genetically determined, chronic, epidermal, proliferative, not curable dse *control fast cellular proliferation – aka PAPULO-SQUAMOUS LESION > scaly in characteristic – a chronic, recurren t, erythematous inflammatory disorder involving keratin synthesis – History: 1841 – Viennese dermatologist known as Ferdinand von Hebra coined the term psoriasis from Greek word â€Å"psora† which means â€Å"to itch† – INCIDENCE:Men and women are equally affected Occurs in all ages but is less common among children and elderly Commence at early adulthood (18-24) Increased incidence among Whites Decreased among Japanese, American Indians, West African origin – exacerbated by several factors – manifestations usually appear between 15 and 35 years old – CAUSE: unknown But with high link to alteration in cyclic nucleotide and possible immunologic abnormality – CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS: 1. Immune-mediated condition – The condition is believed to be caused by faulty signals in the body’s immune system – the body tends to overreact and accelerate the growth of skin cells the T cells abnormally trigger inflamma tion in the skin (accelerates skin cells to grow faster and to pile up on the outer surface of the skin> the skin does not desquamate but piles up) *Normally, skin cells mature and sheds off every 28-30 days Cytokines (Lymphokines) v ^Platelet, Neutrophils, Basophils v Release of Histamine v Inflammation 2. Genetic – It has been appreciated by physicians that it occurs in families – high rates among monozygotic twins – known to be linked with inherited genes or other immune-mediated conditions – when both parents have psoriasis, a child may have 40% probability of developing the disease