Reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Change - Essay Example Greater part of the biggest master balance bunches in the sum total of what countries have been females, regularly as segment of what others relate to as women's liberation. The incredible restraint backings of the early years had the majority of their guides in females who were not consenting to the potential life dangers and dangers associated with over the top liquor utilization, and the huge portion of family benefits that are being eaten up by it, which was especially exceptionally hard to hold for poor families. In many nations, casual social administration in the family unit and social orders upheld to keep up that the over the top utilization of liquor can not be acknowledged. As the networks extended from country networks into modernized social orders, liquor utilization patterns began to create also. As modernization unfurled its effects on a wide range of individuals, money related turn of events and modernization were joined by the presence of destitution, absence of openings for work, and viciousness. These current social quandaries were frequently associated with liquor misuse. Social promotion over inordinate liquor utilization diminished fundamentally, hostile to inebriation strategies got shy and liquor predicaments developed altogether (Tarrow 5). The eventual fate of some Temperance developments everywhere throughout the world appeared to be sure regardless of whether their individuals where generally youngsters and ladies, which prompted balance instead of the absolute abrogation of liquor. Be that as it may, a large portion of the pioneers where not decided in their endeavors, and these came about to the defeat of these developments. Because of the association between liquor misuse and wrongdoings even inside householdsâ€most alcoholic spouses performed unimaginable viciousness inside their families- - the moderation development became present connected at the hip with various female rights and different associations, including the dynamic association, and more often than not the comparative backers were remembered for the entirety of the associations referenced. Most past backers of abolitionist bondage became

auto saftey Essay Example For Students

auto saftey Essay Wellbeing is significant in the car shop. Knowing and observing all your security rules can help forestall injury and harm. There are a wide range of little segments of wellbeing in the shop for instance, fuel dealing with, housekeeping, general shop, fire, and unsafe materials. Its prescribed for the individuals to initially know the guidelines and later apply them as they go on. There are additionally laws included with respect to dangerous waste removals. So there fore they need to know the correct removal techniques. The Occupational Safety and Health Act was passed somewhere around the United States government in 1970. This demonstration is to show the residents of the United States about security and great working conditions, and furthermore furnishing them with data and preparing about wellbeing and wellbeing. Shop risks can be stayed away from by observing the wellbeing rules and methods of the shop. Here are a few dangers. * Flammable fluids must be put away appropriately away from fire. * Batteries contain destructive sulfuric corrosive arrangement and produce touchy hydrogen gas while charging. * All kinds of fluids can be destructive either to the skin or eyes. *High-pressure air can be extremely hazardous if infiltrates the skin and goes into bloodstream* Electrical gear and lights may bring about electrical stun. * Carbon monoxide from vehicle exhaust is toxic. * Loose garments, gems, long hair may ensnare in turning parts causing genuine injury. * High commotion levels from shop hardware can be unsafe to the ears. * Oil, oil, water in shop floors can make somebody slip and fall causing injury. Individual insurance in the car shop. Here is some gear you ought to and ought not wear. * Always wear security goggles or face shield in the shop. * Wear ear fittings or spreads if high clamor is experienced. * Always wear boots or shoes to give foot security, and falling. * Do not wear watches gems or rings when chipping away at a vehicle. * Wear a respirator when working in dusty conditions. Electrical wellbeing is acceptable to know to know about what can occur. * Frayed ropes on electrical hardware must be supplanted or fixed right away. * All electric ropes from lights and electric hardware must have a ground association. Three-prong electrical outlets ought to be compulsory in all shops. * Do not leave electrical hardware running and unattended. Fuel security is significant on the grounds that it is a dangerous fluid. The most hazardous part about gas its the extending fumes. The fumes in fuel tanks are controlled however the ones from the gas stockpiling holders arent. Here are a few realities about gas. * Always utilize the best possible gas compartments that are painted red for legitimate recognizable proof. * Do not fill gas compartments totally to the top, since gas grows at high temperatures. * Store fuel in an exceptionally ventilated region. Aside from in home or in the storage compartment of your vehicle. * Do not prime a motor with gas while turning the motor. * Never use gas as a cleaning operator. Housekeeping security is significant. Its important to keep the floor clean. Continuously keep the shop flawless, get instruments and parts, and dont leave creepers lying on the floor. All sewer covers must fit appropriately and be kept safely set up. Fire dousers are constantly required in a shop. Everybody in the shop must know where it is found, and how to utilize it. To begin with, draw near to the fire without taking a chance with your own wellbeing. Get immovably and focus ablaze. Pull pin and crush handle to apportion the substance of the quencher. Remember that most quenchers release their substance in 8 to 25 seconds. There ought to consistently be an emergency treatment pack in the study hall. These packs are comprised of gauzes and treatment required for minor cuts. An individual ought to consistently be responsible for the emergency treatment unit and continually keeping it full. All in all wellbeing is imperative to know once you enter a shop. On the off chance that you don't have a clue about the best possible strategies you may get genuinely harmed.

How Young Writers Are Leading A Poetry Comeback Critical Linking, July 25, 2018

How Young Writers Are Leading A Poetry Comeback Critical Linking, July 25, 2018 Sponsored by PC and Kristin Casts LOST, published by Blackstone Publishing. Young adults and certain racial ethnic groups account for a large portion of the increase. U.S. poetry readers aged 18 to 24 more than doubled, jumping from 8 percent in 2012 to 17 percent in 2017. Among people of color, African Americans and Asian Americans are reading poetry at the highest rates â€" which more than doubled in the last five years â€" up 15 and 12 percent, respectively. Other notable increased readership groups include women, rural Americans and those with only some college education. A look at why were seeing a growth in poetry both in books published and books read. ____________________ While most independent bookstores around the world have almost lost the battle against international book-selling chains and  e-commerce giants like Amazon, a few have managed to stay afloat and even thrive. Here   are  some from around the world that  are keeping the joy of reading alive. Who is up for a trip around the world in bookstores?   ____________________ If you look at lists of canonically funny books on the internet, which I do with some frequency (what, is that not a normal way to spend one’s time?) you will notice that, invariably, almost all the books listed are by men. And when books by women  are  included,  they tend to be nonfiction: memoir or essays. Your Nora Ephrons, your Sloane Crosleys, your various female comedians who have written bestsellers.  There’s nothing wrong with that, exactlyâ€"except for the fact that I happen to know that there are a ton of very funny novels by women out there, being ignored by the Funny Book Canon. Added a ton of books to my reading list here.   Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Theories And Processes Of Learning - 2163 Words

Introduction In this training manual we will cover; †¢ Background Information on the influential theories and processes of learning †¢ A step-by-step guide of how these theories can be used to allow your pet to learn a desired behavior †¢ The effectiveness of these training methods through their strengths and limitations Classical Conditioning Definition-The learning of desired behavior through repeated association between two events which are as such the stimuli This theory of learning was founded and created by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) a Russian scientist interested in studying how digestion works in animals. Through this study he had the†¦show more content†¦- This experiment that modified a reflex behavior (salivating at the sight of food) showed how learning can take place. Operant Conditioning Definition- The learning of behavior through association with a punishment and reward system. As such the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through the association between negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement. (There is also positive punishment and negative punishment but they haven’t been studied and are harder to grasp for learning techniques so will not be discussed) This theory of learning had some of its origins in the previously stated classical conditioning theories as well as some roots in American animal psychology. Much of this work was tested on animals and then generalized to humans as testing this was highly unethical

Illegal Immigrants Exploited During The Workplace

Fatima Gil DE Political Science Mr. Phung Period 1 October 9, 2017 Research Paper: Illegal Immigrants Exploited In The Workplace In the United States, the number of illegal immigrants has stayed steady, landing at 11.3 million. (Blanco, 3). About 8 million of the undocumented immigrants are holding a job, making up 10% of the workforce in the U.S. Most of them look for jobs that do not require validation of citizenship and pay under the table; however, most of them also do not understand the dangers of being an illegal immigrant in the workplace. (fig. 1). Unregistered immigrants are very susceptible to being exploited in the workplace. Since there is a language barrier and also being counted part of a minority group, the undocumented†¦show more content†¦(Trinh Esq., 5). IRCA, or the Immigration Reform and Control Act, is then brought into the conversation to try and refuse the illegal employee(s) of worker’s compensation. There are two of many reasons to why this is clearly unfair: number one, an employee’s arm could be deta ched at work, which would then change his or her life forever, and they would not be reimbursed with a single dime or nickel, and finally number two, immigrants, whether documented or undocumented, are people just as much as a native-born citizen and deserve to be treated as such; meaning they should at least be able to get paid days off or be able to be reimbursed. If the undocumented worker were to get terminated, it would be extremely difficult for that unregistered worker to support his or her family financially. They are unable collect unemployment insurance at all because, technically, they are not allowed to work in the United States legally. (â€Å"Undocumented Workers: Employment Rights†, 6). A native-born citizen must be available and able to work. Since undocumented immigrants are, well, undocumented, means it is illegal for them to work; therefore, they are not available nor able to work. After being denied access to money, they might need to put food on the table for their family that can includes children but sadly nothing is able to be done. Although illegal immigrants are almost always given jobs, it is against the federal law. (Bray, J.D., University of Washington LawShow MoreRelatedUpton Sinclair s The Jungle1438 Words   |  6 Pagesfriends who all recently immigrated to Chicago in search of a better life. Jurgis, Ona, and the rest of their family find jobs in Packington, the meatpacking industry of Chicago. Quickly they discover the difficulties of surviving in the United States during the early 1900’s through financial troubles, unreliable work, illness, and swindling. Through his novel, Sinclair exploits the dangerous working conditions of the Chicago meatpacking industry, the health violations, and the struggles the workers faceRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Allowed Legal Citizenship1764 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigrants Allowed Legal Citizenship What does it mean to be an illegal immigrant? An illegal immigrant is a person that migrated across national borders in such a way that violates the immigration laws of the designated country. There have been a lot of debates on whether illegal immigrants should be allowed legal citizenship in the United States. In my opinion, I believe that illegal immigrants should not be allowed legal citizenship because it violates the country’s law. Hey, the majorityRead MoreSenator Harry Reid Is A Democratic Senator1333 Words   |  6 Pagesstance on these points. People come to the United States for the promise of freedom and opportunity. But the current immigration system in the United States is broken families are separated, immigrant workers are exploited, people die trying to cross the border, and there is rampant discrimination against immigrants. Senator Reid wants to change that. Senator Reid believes tin reuniting and keeping families together. He has fought to eliminate the long backlogs that keep families apart while they waitRead MoreMexacan Immigration before the 1960s1675 Words   |  7 Pageslanguage. Economically, during the 1900s the U.S. was in need of Mexican immigrants (mainly men) for labor work and exploitation. The U.S. allowed illegal immigration in order to assist with capital and labor (Bach, 1978). The Mexicans were being utilized mainly for cheap labor, specifically agriculture. Most Mexican women either worked in the fields with their husbands or stayed home caring for their children and the home. These women were also exploited at the workplace due to discrimination andRead MoreLabor Trafficking And Its Effects On Women And Children1597 Words   |  7 Pagesinvoluntary servitude, forced labor may result when unscrupulous employers exploit workers made more vulnerable by high rates of unemployment, poverty, crime, discrimination, corruption, political conflict, or cultural acceptance of the practice. Immigrants are particularly vulnerable, but individuals also may be forced into labor in their own countries.(U.S. Department of State, 2008). Labor trafficking targets all, but mainly women and children due to their relative lack of power compared to menRead MoreForced Labor and Sex Traficking in Thailand1447 Words   |  6 Pagesexploitation, because they are often illegal, impoverished, and often face language or educational barriers. The complicated nature of the Thai legal system further serves to exacerbate this problem, because trafficked individuals are often re-victimized when they are punished for crimes resulting from their exploitation. The government also fails to provide legal alternatives to individuals who decided to confront their traffickers, such as employment during protracted trials or visas for thoseRead MoreIn The Strawberry Fields By Eric Schlosser2000 Words   |  8 PagesTitle: Anything But Free - The Migratory Work Force in California America, United Stated of America (USA), is a land of immigrants. The country was built by immigrants but gradually immigration to this country became harder. Several contagious nations of American continents have lot of population living in poverty and were strongly convinced to immigrate to USA illegally, by travelling on foot for several days, crossing deserts, mountains and the southern border of USA, to get a decent and securedRead MoreWhite Privilege : Black Privilege Essay1864 Words   |  8 PagesWhite Privilege The ability to walk outside with all worries to the wind, feeling protected by the law, and working hard to get the positions one wants in the workplace, is all attributed to the concept of white privilege. In addition to this, white privilege means one never has to immediately fear being stopped by local authorities. As a Caucasian in any part of the world, thoughts such as, â€Å"Please don’t beat me. Please don t shoot me as I move slowly for my wallet†, never enter one’s mind. Read MoreIllegal Immigration : The United States2284 Words   |  10 PagesIllegal immigration has been a controversial issue that has benefitted and harmed the country in several ways; however, many issues dealing with the subject have transformed the future for America dramatically. Although the United States has absorbed and benefitted from the contributions of the undocumented, their presence has imposed harm to the country’s economy and political stability. They have taken over American jobs by retrieving several advantages that come along with the country’s policiesRead MoreImmigration : The United States2295 Words   |  10 Pagescountry’s economy and political stability. Immigrants have taken over American jobs by retrieving several advantages that come along with the country’s policies, as well as harming the country by not assimilating to the culture and sustaining their identities. The influx of immigrants from other parts of the world has prompted an overwhelming change in society and the immigrants themselves due to more opportunities available in the United States. These immigrants have different motives for entering the

Sociology and Bathing Suits Free Essays

April 02, 2013 2. Why are the three girls out of place in the AP? How do the different persons in the shop react to them? The three girls are out of place in the AP because they are wearing bathing suits in a town that is five miles away from a beach. The AP is located in the center of a small town near two banks, a congregational church, the newspaper store, three real-estate offices, and dozen freeloaders tearing up one of the town streets. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Bathing Suits or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people in the town have never even been to the beach so it is very uncommon to see people walking around in bathing suits. Most women in the town usually wear shirts and shorts when walking outside. The girls are put extremely out of place when choosing to wear the bathing suits. The people at the shop reacted differently when viewing the girls in their bathing suits. The most popular reaction the girls got were from guys. Many of the workers and guys kept staring at the girls since they were young, provocative, and in bathing suits. The other type of reaction the girls got were from â€Å"sheep† and â€Å"houseslaves†. They quickly glanced at the girls and got back to their shopping with shock. They didn’t know if what they saw was real. The girls surprised many of the people at the shop. 3. How does Updike inform us of the difference in social class between the clerk and the girls? What role does this difference play in the events and the meaning of the story? Throughout the story Updike informs us of the difference in social class between the clerk and the girls. Updike illustrates the girls to be confident, independent as well as sexually powerful. On the other hand Updike illustrates the clerk to be immature, and disrespectful. Sammy is viewed to be stuck in the world of AP, which is filled with rules and regulations. The girls are viewed to be stuck in a world of freedom and choice. At the end of the story the clerk sees how different the girls and him are in social class. He imagines Queenie with her family drinking cocktail, eating herring snacks with white jackets, and he sees his family drinking lemonade and cheap beer. The difference in social class helps the clerk to realize that there is more to life than being stuck in a shop all his life. Viewing the girls and the type of social class they are in helps the clerk to push forward and do more with his life. His first step in succeeding his new goal is quitting AP. How to cite Sociology and Bathing Suits, Papers

Aqa Exam free essay sample

Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2012 Geography Unit 3 Contemporary Geographical Issues 1. 30 pm to 4. 00 pm Monday 30 January 2012 For this paper you must have: ? an AQA 12-page answer book. You may use a calculator. GEOG3 Time allowed ? 2 hours 30 minutes Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Pencil should only be used for drawing. ? Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is GEOG3. ? Answer three options: one from each Section. In Section C, you must not answer the same option as those chosen in Sections A and B. ? Use sketch maps, diagrams and specific examples, where appropriate. ? Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work that you do not want to be marked. ? Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 90. ? You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. ? ? Advice You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on each of Sections A and B and about 60 minutes on Section C. H/Jan12/GEOG3 GEOG3 Section A Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option that you will answer in Section C. Option 1 Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards Total for this option: 25 marks 0 1 Study Figure 1 which shows the relationship between shaking intensity (measured by the Mercalli Scale) and different types of building structure. Describe and comment on the information provided. Figure 1 MERCALLI SCALE (7 marks) Type of building structure Adobe (baked mud and clay) Unreinforced masonry Reinforced masonry (non-seismic design) Steel framed buildings Reinforced masonry (seismic design) VI (Strong) VII (Very Strong) VIII (Destructive) IX (Ruinous) X (Disastrous) 8 22 50 100 100 3. 5 14 40 80 100 1. 5 5. 5 16 38 66 0. 4 2 7 20 40 0. 3 1. 5 5 13 25 Source: US Geological Survey The numbers are the percentages of buildings damaged or collapsed. 0 2 Outline the features of seismic waves. (8 marks) 0 3 Evaluate the management strategies adopted following one earthquake that you have (10 marks) studied. H/Jan12/GEOG3 3 Option 2 0 4 Weather and Climate and Associated Hazards Total for this option: 25 marks Study Figure 2 which shows changes, compared with 1961 – 1990 averages, in temperature, sea level and northern hemisphere snow cover. This information came from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. Describe and comment on the changes shown. Figure 2 (7 marks) 0. 5 Difference from 1961 – 1990 average temperature ( °C) (a) Global average surface temperature 0. 0 – 0. 5 (b) Global average sea level 50 Difference 0 from 1961 – 1990 – 50 average level – 100 (mm) – 150 (c) Northern hemisphere snow cover Difference from 1961 – 1990 average area (million km2) 4 0 –4 1850 1875 1900 1925 Year 1950 1975 2000 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Assessment Report 4 (2007) 5 Describe the possible effects of global warming on a tropical region that you have (8 marks) studied. Discuss the responses to global warming on an international scale. (10 marks) Turn over ? 0 6 H/Jan12/GEOG3 4 Option 3 Ecosystems: Change and Challenge Total for this option: 25 marks 0 7 Study Figure 3 which shows variations in plant and fly species in different grazing areas on Salisbury Plain, a grassland area in southern England. Much of this area is used by livestock farmers. Describe and comment on the variations shown. (7 marks) Figure 3 0 60 50 Number of species 40 30 20 10 0 Ungrazed Grazed by cattle over a long time Grazed by sheep over a long time Recently grazed by cattle Recently grazed by sheep Key Plant species Fly species Types of grazing Source: Topic Eye: Ecosystems and Biodiversity; publisher – Cross Academe Limited 0 8 Outline the characteristics of the temperate deciduous woodland biome. (8 marks) 0 9 Assess the extent to which one local scale ecological conservation area that you have (10 marks) studied has been successful. End of Section A H/Jan12/GEOG3 5 Section B Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option that you will answer in Section C. Option 4 World Cities Total for this option: 25 marks 1 0 Study Figure 4, a photograph of a central urban area that has recently undergone redevelopment. Comment on the features of the area shown. (7 marks) Figure 4 Source:  © Cameron Dunn 1 1 Outline the process of counter-urbanisation and describe its effects. (8 marks) 1 2 Discuss the planning and management issues that have arisen in areas that have (10 marks) undergone urbanisation in recent years. Turn over H/Jan12/GEOG3 ? 6 Option 5 Development and Globalisation Total for this option: 25 marks 3 Study Figure 5 which shows the estimated percentage of population by country that used the internet in 2009. Comment on the extent to which it supports the concept of the North/South divide. (7 marks) Figure 5 Key Estimated percentage of the population that used the internet 40 or more 30 – 39 20 – 29 10 – 19 Less than 10 Source: www. internetworld stats. com 1 4 Outline reasons for the growth of social and/or economic groupings of nations. (8 marks) 1 5 Discuss the consequences of groupings of nations. (10 marks) H/Jan12/GEOG3 7 Option 6 Contemporary Conflicts and Challenges Total for this option: 25 marks 1 6 Study Figure 6 which shows the percentage of employed people living on less than US $1. 25 a day in each of 1997 and 2007 for selected regions. Comment on the information shown. (7 marks) Figure 6 Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Asia Oceania South-Eastern Asia Eastern Asia Western Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Northern Africa Developed regions Developing regions 0 10 20 30 % Source:  © United Nations 2009 – United Nations: Millennium Development Report 2009 Key 1997 2007 40 50 60 70 1 7 Suggest reasons for the existence of global poverty. (8 marks) 1 8 Discuss how poverty can be addressed on a global scale. (10 marks) End of Section B Turn over H/Jan12/GEOG3 ? 8 Section C Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option answered in either Section A or Section B. Note to Candidate You should bear in mind that the essay questions below are synoptic in nature. In your response to these questions you are required to show your knowledge and understanding of different aspects of geography, the connections between these different aspects and, where relevant, of human perspectives upon geographical themes and issues. Option 1 1 9 Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards? 40 marks) Weather and Climate and Associated Hazards To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving (40 marks) storms? Ecosystems: Change and Challenge ‘The characteristics of the vegetation of tropical biomes are more the outcome of continued human activity than a response to the climatic conditions. â€⠄¢ With reference to one tropical biome, discuss the extent to which you agree with this (40 marks) view. Option 4 2 2 World Cities To what extent can urban areas be sustainable? (40 marks) Option 2 2 0 Option 3 2 1 Option 5 2 3 Development and Globalisation To what extent can development be sustainable? 40 marks) Option 6 2 4 Contemporary Conflicts and Challenges With reference to a conflict over the use of a local resource that you have studied, discuss the extent to which all interest groups involved can be satisfied with its outcome. (40 marks) END OF QUESTIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified. Copyright  © 2012 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. H/Jan12/GEOG3

Opinion on the importance of money

There are various reasons which make money to be important. Firstly, money is generally accepted amongst numerous individuals. This makes it to be used as a medium of exchange. Additionally, by acting as a medium of exchange, money plays a very important role in facilitating transactions. This is made possible by the fact that individuals can use money to measure the value of a particular commodity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Opinion on the importance of money specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the absence of money, individuals and organizations would be forced to conduct transactions through barter trade which is a relatively challenging system due to existence of double coincidence of wants. For example, if one possesses a particular commodity and intends to exchange it for another, he or she would be required to find another individual who possesses another commodity of equal value. Money is also importa nt in that it can be used as a store of value. This arises from its characteristic of holding its value over a considerable duration. This is further enhanced by the fact that it is more liquid and is available in different denominations compared to other mediums of exchange. As a result, it can be easily transported. Money also contributes towards improvement in the quality of life for example through creation of wealth. As a result, money enables individuals to access basic amenities such as food, shelter and clothing. Money and social status Money contributes towards improvement of an individual’s social status. Currently, society tends to accord higher status and prestige to individuals who have accumulated more money. The social status that comes with money is well illustrated by celebrities such as musicians, business people and politicians amongst others. Previously, a teacher may have higher respect in the society , however on the basis of his or her income, his or he r social status can be reduced significantly. Therefore, money is a major determinant of the social class that an individual belongs within the society. How do people earn money There are two main ways through which individuals earn their income. The first source includes formal and informal employment in either the public or the private sector. A significant proportion of individuals earn their income out of the two economic sectors.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second source entails self employment which arises as a result of one’s ability to exploit his or her entrepreneurial skills or the opportunities presented by the environment. Different people have employed themselves by starting businesses in different economic sectors such as art and music amongst others. Money and crime In an effort to earn money, some individuals have incorporated illegitimate methods . One of the ways through which the urge to earn money has promoted crime is evident in the emergence of organized criminal gangs. These gangs engage in different activities such as money laundering, child trafficking and drug trafficking. Incidences of drug trafficking are carried out worldwide but are more prominent in some countries such as Mexico. Additionally, the urge to earn money has also resulted in violent crimes which in some cases lead to loss of life. Other crimes which have arisen as a result of the need to accumulate money relates to emergence of counterfeit trade especially in some countries such as China. Participation in economic crimes such as counterfeiting has adverse effects on the world’s economy. This is due to the fact that its negative effects to the various economic sectors. This essay on Opinion on the importance of money was written and submitted by user Mason D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Watches Western Civilization Essays

Watches Western Civilization Essays Watches Western Civilization Essay Watches Western Civilization Essay History of Clocks As long as 4000 years ago, the Babylonian priests of Mesopotamia began a careful and systematic study of the movements and patterns of the sun, moon, stars, and seasons. They folded all of their accumulated knowledge into a calendar, which very much resembles the one that we use today. The Babylonians established a system of timekeeping based on twelve months, seven days per week, and twenty four hour long days. In fact, the only thing that is different between the ancient calendar and the one we use today is that the Babylonians assigned thirty days to each month. When they realized that was about five days too few, they added a thirteenth month to the calendar every six years. The Romans modified this to have months of varying lengths within a twelve-month framework, and from then on, we have universally used the same standard divisions to track time. From then on gifted minded individuals searched for a mechanism to use for accurate timekeeping, which led us to the origins of the clock. By 1500, most villages across Europe consisted of a large clock tower, as well as watchman who would call out the time periodically through out the day. At the time larger perpetual clocks tended to be fairly inaccurate, but there was an interest among the mechanically inclined to come up with newer and smaller versions for accurate personal use. It was around this time that a locksmith from Nuremberg, Germany named Peter Henlein invented the first pocket watch. Unlike a large clock which was driven by weights, Henleins small portable clocks were powered by a coiled mainspring used in conjunction with a ratchet system. The incredible thing is that the mechanism used in the very first watch is not all that different from the way in which many watches are run today. From the earliest days of mankind, people have been interested in time. Dating well before written history, humans were believed to have used the movement of the sun and the moon to tell time. The original timepiece was the sundial, but as civilization grew more complicated, so did their need to have accurate way to keep track of the hours and minutes of the day. This is the fascinating history and modern life of a brilliant invention that most of us take for granted: THE WATCH! I LOVE WATCHES!! Watches improved with the Nuremberg eggs as the first watches were known to be large oval esigns, they were worn on a belt or neck chain. They had no crystal covering the face, and only the hour hand. The early watches were far from accurate timekeepers: there was really no point in having a minute hand, let alone a second hand. They were entirely handmade, primarily of iron components assembled with pins and rivets. Within 50 years, the iron works were replaced with brass fittings. It was also around this time that the Swiss watch industry was born. In 1525 a Swiss mechanic living Prague named Jacob Zech invented a component that revolutionized matchmaking. It was called the fuse, and it was an element which solved as normous problem with early watches: as they would wind down the movement of the hour hand also slowed down. The Fusee, which was perfected by another Swiss man named Gruet, equalized the inner mechanism of the watch and thereby dramatically improved the timekeeping ability of the piece. Watches before the fusse more functional. Toa point that is: it was not until early 1700s that watches became precise enough to warrant including a minute hand. In the 1600s, watches really took off in popularity. It might not occur to a modern reader that only a select few had watches in the 17th Century, they were prohibitively expensive and were nly owned by the nobility. Wearing a watch was a status symbol, a sign of wealth and importance. The most interesting thing about that fact is that even today a high end watch is every bit a status sign as it was in the 17th Century. Royals and their watches, in the 1600s watches were considered toys for the nobility. Each watch was entirely hand made with a large price tag to match. The aristocracy treated their watches as any other decorative accessory in their Jewelry box, an adornment to enhance their outfits, not a functional necessity. Because the watch was viewed as ewelry, watch makers came up with increasingly beautiful designs to entice their wealthy clients to want them. They were designed to be wearable works of art and tied in with the other fashion of the day. Watches were created to resemble tiny insects, flowers, musical instruments and animals. Mary Queen of Scots was even known to have had one in the shape of a skull in her Jewelry collection. fledging watch making industry was largely based in England, France, and The Switzerland. Each nation had its own unique style when it came to creating timepieces. English watches tended to be heavy, sturdy and reliable. Swiss watches were renowned for their accuracy Just as they are today. In France, the emphasis was on creating exquisitely beautiful cases, something which they did exceedingly well. French watches were handmade in interesting sculptural forms, hand painted with remarkable tiny scenes, and decorated with the finest available materials, such as enamel. Tortoiseshells and precious gems. Being a Swiss watchmaker in Geneva was a highly respectable position in society. Precision and well executed technique were highly prized by the Swiss, and the men who made the watches had these qualities in abundance. It was a Swiss man named Nicholas Facio who invented a technique that is still the gold standard in watch making today: the use of rubies and sapphires inside the watch workings. The precious gems were not placed inside the watches to make them more valuable, but rather to reduce the friction of the internal mechanisms. Holes could be drilled in the tiny gems and bearings placed into the centers to reduce friction. The ingenious idea reduced the wear and tear on the watches and made them more accurate timekeepers. Nearly four hundred years later, Geneva is still the world capital of top quality watches. As time passed and new technologies were adopted in the leading countries of , the Swiss , the French and eventually also the Americans adapted new technologies that made their watches lighter, thinner, and quicker to produce, the English stubbornly stuck with their tried and true techniques, which led to the eventual demise of the English watch industry. Water clocks are sometimes still used today, and can be examined in places such as ancient castles and museums. The Salisbury Cathedral Clock built in 1386, is considered to be the worlds oldest surviving mechanical clock that strikes the hours. Between 1280 and 1320, there is an increase in the number of references to clocks and horologes in church records, and this probably indicates that a new type of clock mechanism had been devised. Existing clock mechanisms that used water power controlled by some form of oscillating mechanism, probably derived from existing bell-ringing or alarm devices. This controlled release of power the escapement- marks the beginning of the true mechanical clock. Besides the Chinese astronomical clock, in Europe there were the clocks constructed by Richard of Wallingford in St Albans and by Giovanni de Dondi in Padua from 1348 to 1364. They no longer exist, but detailed descriptions of their design and construction survive, and modern reproductions have been made. They illustrate how quickly the theory of the mechanical clock had been translated into practical constructions, and also that one of the many impulses to their development had been the desire of astronomers to investigate celestial phenomena. Wallingfords clock had a large astrolabe-type dial, showing the sun, the moons age, phase, and node, a star map, and possibly the planets. In addition, it had a wheel of fortune and an indicator of the state of the tide t London Bridge. Bells rang every hour, the number of strokes indicating the time. Dondis clock was a seven-sided construction, 1 meter high, with dials showing the time of day, including minutes, the motions of all the known planets, an automatic calendar of fixed and movable feasts, and an eclipse prediction hand rotating once every 18 years. It is not known how accurate or reliable these clocks would have been. They were probably adjusted manually every day to compensate for errors caused by wear and imprecise manufacture. The measurement of time all starts with the number 12! Youll notice that 60 and 24 share a factor of 12 (the greatest common multiple, if you want to dig all the way to elementary school math). 12 is a generally useful number, a good size for things. Its not too few, and not too many to wrap your head around. Its got 3 divisors (two 2s and a 3, which lets you break things into small units in several different ways) compared to 10, which only has 2 and 5. So early peoples often broke things into 12s, which gave it an almost magical air (12 zodiac signs, 12 people in a Jury, 12 tribes of Israel and 12 apostles). We get 12 months out of the 12 zodiac signs. That made 12 a nice number to divide the day into, so you can have half-days, quarter-days, and thirds-of-a-day Just by counting hours (and easy to compute on a sundial). The Egyptians did that as early as 1500 BC. The Greeks added another 12 to count the hours of the night. (Who needed to count hours at night? You are supposed to be asleep, since its dark out! ) That gives us 24 hours. 60 minutes to the hour comes from the same sort of thinking, but was actually originally different. 360 is a good number for examining a circle: each of the angles of an equilateral triangle is 60 degrees, and 6 of those make up a circle. Equilateral triangles are very easy to draw precisely using primitive equipment. There are 60 degrees in the each corner of an equilateral triangle because 60 starts with that same 12 and adds another factor of 5, which lets you divide 60 up into lots and lots of useful things. So Greek astronomers subdivided the whole world into 360 degrees, the first division of that into 60 parts was called the first minute and the next division of each of second Just like we do today in measuring degrees, minutes, and seconds on a map. The application of those to time came along later.

Business Law,law of tort Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Law,law of tort - Case Study Example Furthermore, the statement 'opponents say that he puts the keys of high powered cars back into the hands of drink drivers is ironical and it is meant to lower his reputation as a celebrity lawyer.' Again look at the words 'stitch him up' as used by the police officers. These words can be interpreted by any ordinary person. The words should not be taken in their ordinary meaning in order to find defamation in them but from the inference which would be drawn by the ordinary person who read the words. i) Substantial damages: The allegations on the newspaper are enormous especially that Nick Freeman was arrested on conspiracy to pervert the course of justice in a bid to protect drunk drivers. It is apparent that these allegations will substantially affect his profession. He should therefore sue the company substantial damages. 2 Special damages: The article would be read by several clients of Nick and his several would-be clients. They may refuse to enter into contracts with him in future. This is likely to financially affect his career in the future. He can the therefore seek special damages for that matter. In the case of Byre v Deare, the plaintiff was a member of a golf club. Some gaming machines were removed from the club following the complaints made to police. Then some typewritten lampoons were placed where the machines were installed and it read a follow:- For many years upon this spot, You heard the sound of the merry bell, Those who were rash and those who were not, Lost and made a spot of cash, But he who gave the game away, May be Byrne in hell rue the day. 3 An action for defamation by the plaintiff did not succeed as it was held that a right thinking person would not view the words as defamatory. ii) Another remedy available to Nick is injunction. Since he is anxiously eager to prevent further publications by the newspaper, he can apply for an injunction. This would compel the court to order the company to stop further publication of information concerning him. 4 Case 2 Fiona Shackleton is currently employed by Payre Hick Beach which was not her employer at the time of the case between Prince of Wales and Diana. But the Evening Standard has gone ahead to print a false statement that it was Payre Hicks Beach firm as a whole which conducted the case when the truth is that it was in fact Farrar's. 5 Fiona Shackleton shall have to proof the following:- i) Justification: - in order for her to successfully sue the defendants, Fiona Shackleton must justify that the words so printed injured her reputation as a lawyer. For that matter, she should argue that these printings would effect a similar case before her, that of Sin Paul Mc Carthey v Lady Mills - Mc Marthey. ii) Reference to the plaintiff: - That the words so printed referred to her. Though in actual sense, there is nowhere her name is mentioned, only the firm's name. She is the one who represented the case into E. Hulton and Co. v Jones. A newspaper published an article that the plaintiff was accused of staying with a woman in France. The defendants alleged that they had invented the name i.e. there was

Life of Pi Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Life of Pi - Research Paper Example Life of Pi is a 2012 American -Indian- British live action and computer-animated adventure drama film based on Yann Martel’s 2001 novel of the same name. Ang Lee directs the film. Life of Pi did succeed in depicting the story of a young Indian man who survives the tragic shipwreck but later entered a 227 days journey on the Pacific Ocean with a ferocious Belgian tiger. Besides the troubles and tribulation, the film also depicts meaningful lessons on the religious aspects. Pi Patel whose role was played by Gautam Belur at five, Ayush at twelve, Suraj Sharma at 16 and Irran Khan at middle age had to move together with his family to Canada on a Japanese cargo ship. Unfortunately, the ship in which they were travelling in is struck by a deadly storm and only some people survive. However, an unexpected incident happens, separating Pi from the group. Pi is left alone in the boat together with his family’s zoo animals, including in the zoo animals is a ferocious tiger named Ri chard parker. In order to survive Pi has to find ways to deal with the unexpected and dangerous company. (John, 186). Throughout the 127 minutes of the film, the audience would be fascinated with pi thoughts and actions through the transformations, the beliefs he holds as well as his solutions for the fearsome, aggressive company- Richard Parker. From a somehow weak, flaccid person, Pi is seen letting parker take over the lifeboat, but Pi gradually becomes stronger and tries to gain dominance of the situation that he is in now. Finally, Pi achieves the control and sustains a neutral relationship with the Belgian tiger. This is not only a fight for survival but also a metaphor, which implies the battle for good and evil. The film Pi tries to make the reader want to believe in God, the film give then reader the democratic choice that is the desired to believe rather than the belief itself. The two survive for 272 days at sea with one stop on an island overflowing with vegetation and m eerkats. In the evenings when the tide rises on the island, it contains a deadly acidic level and kills anything in the tide pool or the now flooded ground. Therefore, everyone seeks shelter on top of the trees at night. After gathering food from the island, Pi and the tiger get back to the lifeboat and head back in the sea (Susan, 23). By analyzing the conflicts, characters, dream sequence, and symbols a psychoanalytic theory emerges. There are strong Oedipal connotations in this theory, the son’s desire for his mother, the father’s envy of the son and rivalry for the mothers attention, the daughters desire for the father’s attention. Of cource these all operate on a subconscious level of the characters of the film, this is to avoid the serious social more. There is also an emphasis on the meaning of dreams. This is because psychoanalytic theory asserts that it is in dreams that a person’s subconscious desires are revealed. What a person cannot express o r do because of social rules will be expressed and accomplished in dreams, where there are no social rules. Most of the time, people are not even aware that it is they secretly desire until their subconscious goes unchecked in sleep. Life of Pi might not make you believe in god, as a character in the film suggests. It does however; make you

Analysing Corporate Social Responsibility Of Leather Industries Environmental Sciences Essay

Analysing Corporate Social Responsibility Of Leather Industries Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a body; which covers all departments and sections of the industries. There are rules to run it internally, and rules and responsibilities with respect to society and world at large. Like other industries, leather industry has many responsibilities with regards to environment. Leather industry is one of the archaic industries in the world. It is contributing many hazardous wastes to environment like all other industries. Deterioration of environment is the cause of concern for world, and for environmentalists; leather industry produces all three kinds of waste: gaseous, liquid, and solid. Leather industry is a very profitable and lucrative business for a country; however, it is intervened by the government to cut its pollution. This industry follows rules of corporate social responsibility (CSR). World organizations like WTO, European commission on environment watches it with vigilant eye. Pakistan is primarily an a grain economy, agriculture sector comprises almost one fourth of the total GDP.The manufacturing sector has over the past several years remained stagnant with a share of 17% in the GDP.The GDP,currently at US$ 63 billion ranks 160the in the world, has not been able to achieve a sustainable growth of 5%.The total population of the country exceeds 140 million, with dismal economic performance the per capita income has hovering around US $ 450.The population growth rate of Pakistan is one of the highest in the world, between 2.2% and 2.5%.According to the world Development Report 2000-01, over 30% of the population survives below poverty line i.e. earns less than one dollar/day. Almost 85% of the population earns less than two dollars/day. Only 45% of the total population is literate, which also includes persons who only have the capability to read and write their names. The exports of the country have over the past twenty years been struggling to surpass the psychology barrier of US $ 10 billion. Every year major portion of the annual outlay is spent in debt servicing both domestic and foreign with little fiscal space for the government to initiate development programmes.  [3]   Environmental matters cannot be taken in isolation from leather making, as every facet of pollution or residual material is a direct function of manufacture. This is largely outside the tanners direct control: drastic changes are required in linkages between slaughter houses and tanners, new techniques for environmentally friendly preservation, or relocation of tanneries for saline discharge to the sea. As 85%-90% of the leathers are chrome tanned, these leathers in themselves create a problem. Chrome compounds are safe in tanning and chrome containing solid waste and sludges are manageable. However, leather goods are dispersed by the end of a useful life. They will not biodegrade, and simple incineration can convert some of the chrome into the dichromate form.  [4]  Carbon dioxide emissions have been predicted by world energy council to rise from the 1990 level of six Giga (60,000,000) tons a year to proximately 8.2-9.4 Giga tons a year by 2050 this is based on assumption that m ajor technological advances will limit emissions despite a significant rise in energy demands.  [5]   Waste water treatment takes place in adjacent building where spent waters from the columns are received in two separate streams. This is to optimise treatment, taking place in three main stages: After separation of the sludge, the quenching water is combined with spent water from the wet slag discharge, for the elimination of heavy metals. The combined stream is first pre-neutralised with lime slurry, the fluorides and phosphates being precipitated as calcium salts. The pH-value is raised further, followed by dosing with organ sulphide to precipitate the heavy metals as hydroxide or sulphides. The pH value of the water stream containing the sulphate from the removal of sulphur dioxide is regulated with caustic soda to avoid the precipitation of large quantities of gypsum. The heavy metals are then precipitated with organo-sulfide, as described, for the quenching water. The heavy metal precipitates from both streams are combined insludge thicker and dewatered periodically in a filter press to a cake of around 30% dry solids content.  [6]   The elements of the periodic table have a diverse and interesting history. All matter is made of atoms and is found in three phases solid, liquid, and gas (plasma is fourth phase).Elements are groups of atoms that are characterised by the number of protons (positively charged atomic particles) in its nucleus, and similar physical and chemical properties .The atom consists of a solid nucleus that contains protons and neutrons atomic particle) surrounded by cloud of electrons (negatively charged particles) as shown in picture.  [7]   NATURAL REACTIONS IN A NEW CONTEXT. It is useful to turn to nature to find new technologies and tanning is no exception.Biomimetic tanning chemistries have the characteristic of using natural reactions in a new context. Such organic tanning reactions are of interest from three points of view as they: 1. Offer new methods of making leather, to yield new products, which may contribute to lessening the environmental impact of tanning. 2. Offer new opportunities for high hydrothermal stability tanning, by acting as new linking agents, then allowing manipulation of the chemistry of the locking step. 3. May involve the novel use of enzymes in tanning operating as catalysing activating agents, so the rate of reaction is highly controllable. It is instructive to examine three examples.  [8]   In the korangi distric to karchi, Pakistan, there is a cluster of 166 tanneries on a single industrial site. The total volume of effluent generated by this grouping is estimated at 36,000m3 per day. At present this effluent is untreated, and mixes with various other industrial effluents including textile dyeing and metal platings, before flowing into the Arabian Sea.  [9]   It is estimated from different sources that about 20 lac pieces of garment leathers have been processed in Pakistan. Out of which about 15 lac pcs have been either exported as garment leather or leather garments. It is presumed that out of this 15 lac pieces of garment leather about 30-50 thousand pcs are exported as aniline finished. However if the share of aniline finished garment leathers and jackets/coats etc is raised to 50% countrys foreign exchange earnings could be nearly doubled what is being earning today.  [10]   Three basic types of pollutants are associated with tanning and finishing operations. They are: preservatives and pesticides, chemical pollutant and organic materials. The challenge for a policy maker is to identify the right mix of incentives and regulations for each target group and for each set of environmental conditions. Regulatory measures which impact on the industry deal with at least six different subject areas. These include: Land-use planning and zoning; Environmental impact assessments and risk assessments for new plants; Controls on effluent discharges, air emissions and solid-waste disposal; Occupational health and safety standards; Requirement for storage,transport,labelling and packing of chemicals; Restrictions on the use of certain chemicals like biocides or dyes.  [11]   The eco-label on your products means that they have the following assets. 1. Reduced water and air pollution during fibre production. 2. Limited use of substances harmful to the environment and in particular to the aquatic environment and health. 3. Guarantee of shrink resistance during washing and drying. 4. Guarantee of colour resistance to perspiration, washing, wet and dry rubbing and light exposure. 5. Whole production chain covered.10 AUDINTING AS A COMPONENT OF EVONROMENTAL MANAGEMENT: An environmental management system is the frame work for method of guiding and industry to achieve and sustain performance in accordance with established goals and in response to constantly changing regulations, Social,financial,economic, and competitively pressures, and environmental risks, when operating effectively, a corporate environmental management system provides management and the board of directors with the knowledge that, 1. The Industry is in compliance with federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations. 2. Polices and procedures are clearly defined and promulgated thought the organizations. 3. Corporate risks resulting from environmental risks are being acknowledged and brought under control. 4. The company has the right resources and staff for environmental work, us applying those resources and is in control of its future.11 ISO (INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZSATION) 14000 SERIES AND INDUSTRIES IN PAKISTAN. The international competition forces this class firms to constantly improve quality in order to stay competitive in the global market place. More than 8,000 industrial establishments are registered under the factories Act 1934 with the Government of Pakistan.ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 certified industrial establishments only comprise 17% of the total. In absolute term 13, 56 ISO 14000 certified organisations are operating in the country. NATIONAL CONSERVATION STRATEGY (NCS) The NCS was adopted in 1992 after a long consultative process involving various stakeholders including government agencies, academia, NGOs and civil societies. The NCS plan of action can be classified into four broad components: 1. Strengthening of institutions. 2. Creation of supportive framework of regulation and economic incentives. 3. Broad based communications campaign of mass awareness. 4. Implementation of projects in NCS core areas. The core areas of interventions identified in the NCS include the following: I. Maintaining soils in cropland 2. Increasing irrigation efficiency. 3. Protecting watersheds. 4. Supporting forestry and plantations. 5. Restoring rangelands and improving livestock. 6. Protecting water bodies and sustaining fisheries. 7. Conserving biodiversity. 8. Increasing energy efficiency. 9. Developing and deploying material and energy renewable. 10. Preventing/abating pollution. 11. Managing urban waste. 12. Supporting institutions for common resources. 13. Integrating population and environment programmes 14. Preserving the cultural heritage. PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT. THE Environment Protection Ordinance of 1983 was replaced by a new Act of Parliament in 1997 i.e. Pakistan, Environmental Protection Act 1997. Under the new law various rules. Regulations and institutions have been established to ensure proper implementation of environmental laws in the country. The following actions have been taken by the Ministry for Environment, Local Governments and Rural Development: 1. National Environmental Quality Standards (Self-monitoring and Reporting by Industries) Rules, 2001. 2. Environmental samples Rules, 2001. 3. Provincial sustainable Development fund (Procedure) Rules, 2001. 4. Provincial Sustainable Development fund (Utilization) Rules, 2001. 5. Pollution charge for Industry (Calculation and Collection) Rules.2001. 6. Composition of Offences and Payment of Administrative Penalty Rules 2000. 7. Hazardous Substances Rules, 2000. 8. National Environmental Quality Standards (Environmental Laboratories Certification) Regulations.2000. 9. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Review of IEE/EIA Regulations, 2000). 12

Political Culture of Russia Essay

The nature of Russian political culture and by extension its politics has been shaped and molded over the previous centuries. While we can by no means attribute its entire political culture to a single event or time period, we also can’t point to a time period, say the Soviet time, and draw our perception of Russia’s political culture from that alone. That being said, the totalitarian nature of the Soviet State is by partial means attributable to Marxist-Leninist philosophies. The nature of Russian political culture was (and still is in many regards) authoritarian. Throughout Russia’s history there has been an authoritarian attitude in how the country should be ruled. The state was always there, the state was behind forced modernization policies from Peter the Great through Joseph Stalin, and today Vladimir Putin. Russia for the large part of its history been just as vast as it is today. The sheer size of it requires a centralized power to keep regional autonomy down. Every country that followed or still follows Marxist doctrine did (does) so with different flavors of Marxism, none of which are exactly and entirely what Karl envisioned. China and Russia were rivals in several policy areas throughout the 20th century. The same dichotomy can be seen between China and its smaller (communist) Southeastern Asian neighbors such a s Cambodia and Vietnam. Communist countries were partially authoritarian because of Marxism. The nature of establishing and perpetuating a command economy demanded authoritarianism. While China has wiggled out of many of the responsibilities and pitfalls of running a command economy by establishing market-driven economic reform, it remains authoritarian. This illustrates that while the key components of Marxism are abandoned, the system and its actors continue to grasp to power as it seeks to adapt and integrate itself into the world system. This is counter to previous attempts to establish a parallel world system behind Soviet ideology. Bottom line: the only way a Communist system can take continued hold and root itself into the political system is through authoritarianism. Not to mention the guise under which many of the Soviet Republics were brought into the fold and behind the Iron Curtain. These weren’t spontaneous Communist Revolutions toppling several governments around the world; it was the Russian’s moving in after having kicked the Germans out and act ing marionette to their new puppets. If it were populist support that kept Communist governments in power around the world one would not see states efforts to cripple freedoms of the press, of assembly, and of religion. Current Communist governments fear a slippery slope, and perhaps rightfully so, where an inch of social freedom given would mimic Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms in the late 1980’s and lead to an eventual collapse. Russia’s Political culture is more authoritarian than a lot of countries around the world, but today it is a functioning quasi-democracy with authoritarian overtones. This goes to show that in the right circumstances, Russian’s can and will subject themselves to semi-authoritarian rule. Under other circumstances, such as the situation in the 1990’s that followed the collapse of the Soviet system, it’s a wonder that authoritarianism didn’t come back in force. Putin still governs with legitimacy at the front of his mind, and hasn’t suspended the constitution or ruled by decree. True democracy can and will eventually be realized, but realistically this is only possible through generational replacement and hard, slow change. The privatization process can be viewed with much rightful criticism, it didn’t take into account Russians lack of understanding of the West’s definition of ‘rational economic behavior’, nor did it find a happy middle ground between the two extremes of command economy and wild-west capitalism. What it did do was change the rules of the game being played. We can fault the broad shock therapy method for any number of shortcomings in the economic policy in the Russian arsenal, but it accomplished one incredibly more important goal. It changed the rules of the game. People who knew the rules (or knew which new rules were coming), mobsters, party officials, and Western interests, leapt upon the opportunity to make money hand over fist. This is still a vastly improved scenario as opposed to gradual economic reform, with the state greedily holding onto the â€Å"commanding heights† of the economy, and leaving the unprofitable sectors open for private investment and development. The large majority of the Russian people didn’t have a firm grasp on private property, or selling one of two cows to buy a bull, or how to ‘invest’ with these vouchers. The sharks ate them up in the incredibly free market. This is a point that was necessary for the facilitation o f real capitalism and eventually democracy in Russia. How does one instill in its population the concepts that go hand in hand with capitalism? My answer would be to force them to adapt to a changed environment. Gradual change would’ve perpetuated for a longer time the stagnation and poor cost-management of the Soviet period. An aggressive and immediate changing of the environment began the painful instilling of capitalist values into the populace and government. After the dust cleared and a new millennia unveiled, Vladimir Putin inherited a new Russia, with new problems, and an semi-regulated albeit capitalist system. I also reject the notion that a stake in a company translates to a certain level of commitment and productivity associated with it. I can think of just in my own history a number of bosses with a small level of commitment to the company, they weren’t there to operate or manage, they were there to own. That being said I’ve also experienced several hands-on owners, who corrected the techniques of severa l employees to their liking. My other inference comes from day-traders on the Stock Market. People with no vested interest in a company putting their money up because they think the stock will go up, not necessarily because they believe in the product. One doesn’t need a stake in a company to incentivize success within it, it sure helps, but it is not required and wouldn’t have made the Russian transition any less painful. The decades of propaganda had really affected some 10% of the population and they were the ones who fell off the cliff when the system changed. Russia in the 1990’s was bad, but it was nothing compared to the massive famines that led to the deaths of millions of Russians, or the Great Depression. Many Russian’s who bought into the Soviet ideology were left out in the cold, yet others found jobs, and others made easy money. 1991 was a turbulent time in Russia, the collapse of the system left countless questions unanswered about what the Russian state and its business sector would look like after the dust settled. I see absolutel y no way, no system, no path that could’ve mediated such a drastic change with minimal economic displacement and suffering. We could’ve lessened the blow with a Russian version of the Marshall Plan, but frankly that was much too much to expect from America. We were in a position of triumph after decades of struggle, and the prospect of the massive new markets had American businesspeople salivating. The Marshall plan also wouldn’t have worked as well as it did in Western Europe because the political and economic culture of Russia was very different from Western Europe. Saturating a country with cash and loans to build (or rebuild in the case of Western Europe) modern infrastructure was out of the question. Half the reasoning behind the Marshall Plan in the first place was to cultivate capitalism, and combat the spread of communism. What is to be gained from a US policy of propping up our old foe? This is especially true when there was so much money to be made via exploitation. Russia in the 1990’s was exactly was America desired it to be, complacent. The Russian mob played a major role in blocking true market reforms; they reveled in the post-collapse chaos and orchestrated the major piece of the Russian economy that is sti ll today conducted underground, and more importantly, free of tax revenue. While this percentage has decreased considerably, it still accounts for nearly a double digit hole in economic exchanges. Along with the mob, the Communist Party knew what was going to happen and planned accordingly. They snapped up the profitable sectors of the economy for pennies on the dollar and became fabulously wealthy. Both groups served as major obstacles in the path of real reform, and real democracy for Russia. The fact is that the reforms proposed were free-market in principle and not free-market in practice. Favors, subsidies, inside information, and possessing capital (not to mention the knowledge of how to use it) made for a grossly tilted economic playing field in Russia. Just like water, the money flowed down the tilt and into the hands of elites and future oligarchs, leaving real policy and progress for later leaders and generations to wrestle with. To quote Winston Churchill, â€Å"Democracy is the worst form of government, except for all those other forms that have been tried from time to time.† Western style democracy is by no means the pinnacle of human achievement, it is however a necessary condition to providing the basis for equality of opportunity, rule of law, and political representation. That is not to say that there is no value in the Russian path, or that it is inherently wrong. Order just isn’t as valuable (according to the West) when one holds the aforementioned societal values. Order works for Russia, much better than it ever could’ve worked in the â€Å"Go west, young man† America that encompassed so much of the formation of our identity. Order keeps the barbarians out, order keeps the serfs from rebelling, order centralizes power in an Empire. Russia, without the concept of order built in like ours of liberty, would’ve faltered and fell from the world stage many times, of this I have no doubt.. The two biggest examples of Order trumping Liberty (in Russia) I can imagine are the invasions of Napoleon and Hitler. In the former and the latter, slash and burn tactics were employed. Hell, Moscow was a husk in the dead of winter when Napoleon got there, and I have no doubt that similarly drastic measures would’ve been taken to preserve the Soviet state. People throughout the best land in Russia, burned their property, poisoned their livestock, poisoned their water, destroyed everything of use, and fled. The enormous sense of communal responsibility and togetherness that these behaviors exhibit illustrate that Order worked and may continue to work for Russians, in the same manner that Liberty worked for Americans. I could never imagine American’s destroying everything in the face of invasion and retreating. That’s sacrilegious in this country; luckily we didn’t have quite as aggressive neighbors as Russia had. The Russian political system must meet several criteria I believe before it is widely accepted as completely legitimate. First off, centrist parties crafted by United Russia have to dissipate. They’re there to fracture opposition support, and nullify the voices of the overriding political currents that sway governments to control of one party or another. Representative politics works best when it represents the electorate, if there are pressures to decrease opposition support via backhanded ways, then that is where one sees wide-spread dissent. United Russia may have the backing of a majority of the Russian citizenry, for now, but by treating the opposition as the problem rather than part of the solution, Putin and by extension United Russia is alienating many mainstream voters on the left and right. Their reaction is to then become more extreme and problemati c because they’re being talked down to. When legitimate political parties and beliefs aren’t represented, parties and organizations that hold them have nothing to lose by taking up much more extremist views. If they felt that United Russia would play ball, they wouldn’t be taking the positions that they have taken. They would come to the table with more of a pragmatist view and plan of compromise. The military’s role in the democratization of Russia needs to be minimal. I am of the belief that a Roman-style coup utilizing the military is a very real albeit remote possibility. Civilians need to be the head of their equivalent to the Department of Defense, and ending discrimination in the armed services is a must for minorities in Russia to truly feel that they have a say and a stake in the country as it moves forwards. Divided government demands compromise, and it is yet to be seen whether Russia is ready to grapple with and deal with people who don’t agree with you. As of this point, the answer has been to silence them, or to shuffle them into a centrist party like sheep, or to run up the tally of people who think like you. For Russia to move past the post-Soviet period it must start engaging opposition, utilize independent parties, and stop fighting the opposition. This is very possible, just not at a breakneck pace. Russia’s value of Liberty will inevitably keep the country moving towards a more representative and legitimate democracy, but its value of Order will make sure that it is a slow and deliberate process.

Purpose of Business & Business Ethics

The two most important days in your life are the day you are born and the day you find out why. ? Mark Twain Purpose is one of the single most unremitting factor which leads to the success of an organization and wholesome and virtuous development of the individuals associated with It. Most of the greatest companies In the world have great purposes, discovered by their founding fathers which still remain at the core of their business models.While profitability, innovation, effectiveness, efficiency and differentiation are major stakeholders in creation of a successful business, the crux of It all according to me Is In the creation of a customer centric culture. Focusing on customer Impact rather than profits builds business confidence and drives Investments. We can term this as a noble magnanimous approach which acts as the nexus of the organization. Some people might confuse It with philanthropy but the noble aspect of this Is In nurturing drive that encourages employees to work with sedulous to solve problems and create a positive impact in the lives of their customers.When employees associate themselves with a culture of customer satisfaction, which is bigger than them, they get emotionally engaged and this leads to the creation of a truly differentiated organization. While businesses that focus on the numbers alone mostly end up producing average results, teams with customer contentment as the front and centre f the business know that their Job matters and thus produce exponential growth.A purpose with customer impact at its core leverages businesses and leaders in the face of changing business climates and provides a framework for decision making which gives them a competitive advantage. This eventually fosters the formation of an extremely housewarming culture where employees deliver strong business results and ironically end up winding more profits by focusing on something completely beyond profit.

Nature vs. Nurture Essay - 1094 Words

Today most interest in twins serves to determine whether traits come from ones environment or from genetics. However, throughout time, twins have been a constant source of entertainment and amazement for society. Twins differ very little, and according to an e-mail interview with Dr. Nancy Segal, the American attraction to them is due to our high value and appreciation of independency and personal differences. Segal believes the similarity of twins contrasts greatly with Americans values and this contrast sparks interest, almost to the nature of a circus sideshow. Because most singletons find the eerie alikeness of twins mystifying, myths and urban legends about twin behavior are not uncommon. For instance, the belief twins share more†¦show more content†¦Scientists cite these and other interesting reasons as impetus for studying twins. However, the majority of twin studies serve to determine whether genetics or environment decide human traits. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Studies of twins place them in two differing groups. Identical twins or monozygotic twins, according to Clegg and Woollett, quot;are formed by the accidental splitting of a single fertilized egg, so that the babies develop from one egg and one sperm.quot; They also define fraternal or dizygotic twins as non-identical twins that quot;develop from the fertilization of two eggs by two spermquot; (16). It is common knowledge ones genes are inherited, half from ones mother, and half from ones father. Since monozygotic, or MZ, twins are a split of the same egg and sperm, they contain identical genes. However, the genes of dizygotic, or DZ, twins are only as similar as typical brothers and sisters. Scientists are interested in fraternal twins reared together because, being the same age and in the same home, they share practically identical environments. They are also interested in studying identical twins that have been reared apart from one another, because they sh are identical genetics but have differing backgrounds. These groups of twins provide researchers with automatic control groups. By studying these two groups, scientists can see if DZ twins with the same environment areShow MoreRelatedNature vs. nurture Essay1322 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs. Nurture It is a matter of concern whether human behaviors and characteristics are determined by nature or nurture. If a person’s behavior is inherited directly from the genes of his/her parents or other biological factors, then it is the nature that determines his character. But if the environment that a person grew up in, affects his behavior, then it is the nurture that determines his/her character. It became a great matter of controversy among scientists, psychologists and sociologistsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Essay1612 Words   |  7 PagesNature vs. Nurture Essay Throughout many years, scientists have been debating about whether nature or nurture is the driving force that shapes a person’s cognitive abilities and personal traits. Before the ongoing debate can be explained, it is necessary to understand what nature and nurture actually are. Nature is loosely defined as the genetics one inherits and tendencies that influence development. Many things in an individual are hereditary, for instance; gender, disease, height, eye color,Read More Nature vs Nurture Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture In his book, the universally acclaimed and bestseller The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins presents his viewpoint that living organisms are but survival machines, that the individual [is a] selfish machine, programmed to do whatever is best for its gene as a whole. In fact, this is the central concept in his book that he brings across. An individuals behaviour and actions are 100% determined by its genes and the individual behaves in accordance to ensure the best persistenceRead More Nature vs Nurture Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pages Nature or Nurture? The Determination of Human Behaviour The nature versus nurture debate has spanned over decades, and is becoming more heated in the recent years. Following the mapping of the human genome, scientists are pursuing the possibility of controlling human behaviour such as homicidal tendencies or insanity through the manipulation of genes. Is this possible for us to ensure that humans behave in certain ways under certain circumstances in future? This is highly doubtful, as the determinationRead More Nature vs Nurture Essay570 Words   |  3 Pages Nature vs Nurture The issues pitting nature against nurture are exceptionally significant for the gamut of discoveries that attribute an increasing proportion of traits and behaviours to ones genetic makeup. The resulting variety of physical shortcomings and limitations in each person has, for centuries, been countered by endeavours to improve or interfere where necessary, and every individual is consequently the product of a delicate middle path of balance between the two. The importanceRead MoreNature vs. Nurture Essay794 Words   |  4 Pages Nature vs. Nurturenbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Through time, psychologists have argued over whether only our genes control our behaviors in life or if the environment and the people surrounding us have any effect in our lives. This is called nature versus nurture. We do not know what dictates our behavior, or if it is a combination of both. One question is, if genes control our behavior, are we really responsible for our actions? I think that if we can make choicesRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Essay882 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture The discussion about nature and nurture can be considered one of the oldest problems in psychology, the main question of which is: Are human traits present at birth or are they developing through experience? (Meyers, 2013). The natural side of the discussion asserts that the facial features and the way of their development strictly through DNA and genetics are transmitted by parents and grandparents. The nurture side of the debate argues that we are born with a clean list andRead MoreNature vs. Nurture Essay1250 Words   |  5 PagesNature vs Nurture   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the past five weeks we have studied three different but influential people in our perspective on human nature class. They are Freud, Plato and Tzu. The main discussion between all of them is nature versus nurture. I will discuss the difference between nature and nurture and then I’ll apply to each of these philosophers and how they react to it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When looked up in the dictionary the term nature means the universe and its phenomena or one’s own character and temperamentRead More Nature vs Nurture Essay778 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs Nurture Most of us have an intuition that, although our genes provide advantages and constraints, we retain great control over our lives. However, we are developing a second, competing intuition that, like it or not, our genes determine our abilities, our preferences, and our emotions. We would like to think we are much more than the sum of our genes, but scientists have apparently demonstrated that our genes determine some of our most complex behavioral and cognitive characteristicsRead MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture1052 Words   |  5 PagesNature vs. Nurture M. B. Liberty University Psychology 101 Nature vs. Nurture There has been extensive debate between scholars in the field of psychology surrounding the Nature vs. Nurture issue. Both nature and nurture determine who we are and neither is solely independent of the other. â€Å"As the area of a rectangle is determined by its length and its width, so do biology and experience together create us.†(Myers, 2008, p. 8) Carl Gustav Jung, and leading thinker and creator of analytical