Syria During The Middle East - 1666 Words

Within the ever-changing landscape of the Middle Eastern Region, Syria is consistently in the news due to its strategic location and the present set of local and global problems. Located in the northwest portion of the Middle East, Syria is bordered by Turkey to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. Mostly composed of Sunni Arabs, Syria is also the home to a diverse ethnic group that includes Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, and Turks. The capital of Syria is Damascus and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world (CIA Fact Book). Once a part of the Ottoman Empire, Syria was controlled by France following World War I until it gained its independence in 1946.†¦show more content†¦There is a wide variety of groups taking part in the conflict ranging from moderate in both the political and religious realm in the form of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) to much more radical groups such as the Islamic State of I raq and Al Sham (ISIS). Due to the fundamental differences in religious ideology as well as tactics, much infighting has occurred between the groups, creating a two front war with ISIS currently winning both sides. In an effort to take back Syria, Assad and those forces loyal to him have used brutal tactics on opposing forces to include chemical attacks on areas believed to be rebel strongholds, killing civilians as well as rebel militants. Meanwhile, the United States joined with the UN and League of Arabs to impose economic sanctions on Syria. These economic sanctions coupled with the violence have led to an extreme case of instability in the region causing oil prices to increase globally. However, with the speed at which ISIS has taken control over and secured the area from Raqqa, Syria all the way east past the Iraqi border and into the Al Anbar province, the United States are rethinking its sanctions. The Syrian military is in possession of chemical weapons. If Assad was to fal l to ISIS, what kind of terror could ISIS further cause to the region if not globally? Many in Washington know we need Assad as an ally in order to quell not only the rebellion

The Goals Of Youth Engagement Services - 865 Words

Many agencies, professional and government organizations, educational institutions, and advocacy groups provide a vast array of advice, materials, training, and other support, both for parents of young children and for teachers, caregivers, and directors working with young children and their families (Wardle 2013). Our communities provide resources for families and early care and education programs to support children’s development that are both local and web-based. As educators, it is important to inform families of these resources to help the development of our youth. One community resource to share with parents and to use as an early childhood professional to support children’s development is the local school districts, Youth Development Support Services: Youth Engagement Services. The goal of Youth Engagement Services (YES) is to empower their schools and district to meet the academic and social-emotional wellbeing of all students by providing support to plan, implement, monitor, and integrate the delivery of high quality and high impact educational and social-emotional programs (youth.scusd.edu). Youth Engagement Services’ provide; after school, summer and out of school time programs, mentoring and character education services, youth voice and action opportunities, student, family, and community engagement, school culture and climate initiatives, intervention and prevention of tobacco, alcohol, other drug use, bullying and violence prevention, service learning; socialShow MoreRelatedAn Implementation Of A Community Intervention812 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst African American president statistics have shown how important the youth vote, especially the black youth vote, has made a great impact and shaped politics. In the past 2014 Midterm election the turnout of the youth vote (age 18-29) was the lowest in the past 4 decades (The Center of Information and Research and Civic Learning and Engagement, 2015). This intervention will seek to engage in a discourse with the Black youth community of Howard University’s 1st year undergraduate students to understandRead MoreThe Safety And Peace Promotion Research1293 Words   |  6 Pageselder’s workshop. Third part of the phase was key informant interviews that where the workshop interviews with twenty-nine key stakeholders. Phase four was community asset-mapping workshops for the youth, elders, adult and service providers. Fifth phase consisted of survey questionnaire from two hindered youth and adult households with in the right zones of Railton. 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It has since helped by contributing to the improvement of the lives of those most vulnerable and at-risk youths. Therefore, the intention of this study is to assess the contributions of the NCB Foundation on youth in the community of Denham Town. Definition/Conceptualization

Congestive Heart Failure for Left Hypertrophy -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theCongestive Heart Failure for Left Hypertrophy. Answer: Several causes can lead to the development of CHF. One of the important causes behind the development of the CHF is previous reported cases of myocardial infarction (Graham et al., 2010). According to the reports published by Graham et al. (2010), CHF is common among the 50% of the patients who have previously reported cases of myocardial infarction (MI). MI is also defined as heart attack or an irreversible death of the heart muscle arising out of the lack of adequate oxygen supply. Since the body was previously suffering from the lack of adequate oxygen within the body, there occurs immense stress over the heart muscles and vessels in pumping blood. These increases in the stress of the heart muscles create strain and thereby hampering their elasticity and all these cumulates towards the development of CHF (Graham et al., 2010). Mrs. McKenzie has developed MI at the age of 65 and that might be cited as a reason behind the development of CHF at 77 years of her age. One of the important risk factors behind the development of CHF poorly controlled high blood pressure (Cooper-DeHoff et al., 2010). According to Cooper-DeHoff et al. (2010), prolong report of high blood pressure results in the formation of left ventricular hypertrophy along with thickening of the heart muscles and this results in inadequate relaxation of heart muscles along with irregular heart beat and thereby leading to the generation of CHF. Moreover, prolong cases of high blood pressure makes it extremely difficult of the heart to meet the oxygen demand of all the organs of the body especially during exercise and as a result, the heart rate increases. These frequent cases of increase in heart rate along with deficiency of oxygen supply to all the organs of the body ultimately lead to the development of CHF (Cooper-DeHoff et al., 2010). Mrs. McKenzi has high blood pressure (170/100 mm Hg) and it was also reported that she suffers from shortness of breath and this increases when sh e does gardening and all these lead to the development of CHF. Age is another factor which has increased the risk factor of people like Mrs. McKenzi to develop CHF (Bui, Horwich Fonarow, 2011). Apart from damaging the physical health of the individual, CHF, also cast a significant impact on the mental health of the patients and this contribute to emotional burden. People with CHF, fails to perform their daily living activity due to their shortness of breath and thus they become dependent on other creating poor self-esteem. Moreover, CHF demands regular monitoring along with costly medication, which creates both mental and physical burden over the family members (Rutledge et al., 2013). Following the case study of Mrs. McKinzie, it can be stated that her shortness of breath, swelling of ankles, nausea and dizziness, cold feet and high blood pressure are main symptoms of CHF. Below mentioned is the pathophisiology of the each symptom. Symptoms Pathophysiology Shortness of breath CHF is defined as the difficulty of heart to supply adequate oxygen to the different organs of the body. This lack of adequate oxygen leads to the development of shortness of breath. In CHF the fluid backs up into the lungs and this interferes with the oxygen getting into the blood thereby causing dyspnea while at rest and orthopnea at night (Kemp Conte, 2012). Swelling of ankles Edema is common symptoms of CHF which leads to the development of swelling of ankles. Edema generally occurs due to the activation of humoral and non-humoral mechanism promoting re-absorption of the sodium and water from the kidneys and thereby increasing the body fluid concentration. As the right ventricular side of the heart begins to malfunction because of CHF, the fluid retention initiations and the extra fluid gets collected at the lower part of the body, feet (Kemp nd Conte, 2012). Nausea and Dizziness CHF leads to persistent tiredness along with difficulty in performing daily living activities because arising persistent tiredness. nausea and dizziness arise out of fatigue and can be regarded as the first symptom of CHF. The neurologic reason behind the development of nausea is related with the emetic centre of the brain, which occurs due to the lack of oxygen supply (Kemp Conte, 2012). According to Kemp and Conte (2012), the onset of nauseas may be attributed by the change in the level of vasopressin (common in CHF). Cold feet and finger tips According to Kemp and Conte (2012), feeling of cold in the extremities happens because the body is circulating the majority of available blood to the brain and other vital organs in order to compensate the reduced ability of heart to pump adequate blood to the different parts of the body. High blood pressure In CHF there occurs fluid build up within the body and increase in thickening of the heart muscle, this increases the labour of the heart to pump the blood to the different parts of the body leading to increase in blood pressure (Kemp Conte, 2012). Digitalis glycosides According to Ambrosy et al. (2014), digitalis glycosides is used for people who are suffering from heart failure which results out of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction. Digitalis glycosides is given along with standard CHF theray like angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta-blockers and diuretics (Ambrosy et al., 2014). Digitalis glycosides works via inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPAse in the myocardium. Inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase increases the intracellular level of sodium resulting in a decrease of sodium-calcium exchangers activity. Lack of activity of sodium-calcium exchanger increases the intracellular concentration of calcium ion and this lengthens phase 4 and phase 0 of cardiac action potential, which leads to the decrease in heart rate. Increase in intracellular Ca2+ ions increases the concentration of Ca2+ ion the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+ ion in the sarcoplasmic reticulum is released during the action potential and thereby increasing the contractility of the he art without increasing hearts energy expenditure (Ambrosy et al., 2014). ACE inhibitors ACE inhibitors reduce the formation of heart damaging hormones. ACR inhibitors have also been found to decrease the workload of the heart via decreasing blood pressure. The main action of ACE inhibitors is it blocks the formation of angiostenin II via blocking the conversion of angiostenin to angiostenin II. Angiostenin II is mainly responsible for the narrowing of the blood vessels and thereby increasing the blood pressure. Thus, decrease in the formation of angiostenin II prevents the narrowing of the blood pressure and this in turn prevents the vasoconstriction and thereby causing relaxation of the heart muscles and overall decrease in heart load and subsequent blood pressure (van Vark et al., 2012). ACE inhibitors also work via controlling rennin-anngiostenin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and this in turn controls the fluctuations of blood pressure and the fluid balance of the body. Proper control of the fluid balance of the body, decreases the fluid retention in the lower extremitie s and thereby reducing the load of the heart to pump blood with more pressure (van Vark et al., 2012). It was important to design an effective nursing care strategy for a patient admitted to emergency care department with complaints of potential congestive heart failure. During designing the effective nursing plans and interventions for the patient, some of the clinical conditions need to be taken into consideration such as the current medications of the patient along with effectively monitoring the test results from the physical examination of the patient. The ECG recordings of Mrs. Mckenzie showed sinus bradycardia , whereas the chest x-ray depicted cardiac enlargement and lower lobe infiltrates. In this case, the condition of lower lobe infiltrates could be referred to mycoplasma pneumonia (Carthon, Lasater, Sloane, Kutney-Lee, 2015). A number of care plans and interventions could be designed for the patient depending upon the need. Some of these have been discussed in order of priorities such as administering supplemental oxygen. The patient had a history of myocardial infarction and had been complaining of chest pain and shortness of breath. The tests reported the presence of lower limb infiltrates which could be due to early stage pneumonia. Therefore, putting the patient on supplemental oxygen could have reduced the chances of occurrence of hypoxia (Hemphill et al., 2015). Since the patient had reported sinus bachycardia and recorded an abnormally low heart rate of 54 beats per minute. Thus, apical pulse monitoring on every hourly basis could help in keeping a record of any abnormality within the heart rate of the patient (Buck et al., 2015). The nurse should also keep a record of the vital signs of the patient such as awareness of surroundings and responsiveness. The condition of the patient could be followed up with the help of the ABCD pathway; where A refers to airway, b breathing, c- cardiopulmonary resuscitation and D- disability and E-exposure. From the diagnosis, it was confirmed that Mrs. Mckeinze had potential heart failure. Therefore, apart fr om the interventions mentioned above the nurse needs to focus upon the medication plans of the patient. Some of the medications, which were offered to the patient over here are digitoxin, frusemide, analine etc. The digitoxin helped in prolonging the refractory period of the atrioventricualr junction and helped to increase the cardiac efficiency output. The frusemide administration would help in curing the fluid buildup due to heart failure. Therefore, providing the patient with such medication would have been beneficial as the patient showed signs of cardiac enlargement, which could be entitled to the fluid buildup. The nurse can use electric thoracic bioimpedance technique (TEB) for measuring the cardiac output (Riegel, Dickson Faulkner, 2016). The test should be repeated within 72 hours in order to analyze the overall condition of the patient. In case, the patient had shown abnormality immediate referral of the patient to be done. Additionally, a chart needs to be maintained for effective medication management of the patient. References Ambrosy, A. P., Butler, J., Ahmed, A., Vaduganathan, M., Van Veldhuisen, D. J., Colucci, W. S., Gheorghiade, M. (2014). The use of digoxin in patients with worsening chronic heart failure: reconsidering an old drug to reduce hospital admissions.Journal of the American College of Cardiology,63(18), 1823-1832. Buck, H. G., Harkness, K., Wion, R., Carroll, S. L., Cosman, T., Kaasalainen, S., ... Strachan, P. H. (2015). Caregivers contributions to heart failure self-care: a systematic review.European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,14(1), 79-89. Bui, A. L., Horwich, T. B., Fonarow, G. C. (2011). Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure.Nature Reviews Cardiology,8(1), 30. Carthon, J. M. B., Lasater, K. B., Sloane, D. M., Kutney-Lee, A. (2015). The quality of hospital work environments and missed nursing care is linked to heart failure readmissions: a cross-sectional study of US hospitals.BMJ Qual Saf, bmjqs-2014. Cooper-DeHoff, R. M., Gong, Y., Handberg, E. M., Bavry, A. A., Denardo, S. J., Bakris, G. L., Pepine, C. J. (2010). Tight blood pressure control and cardiovascular outcomes among hypertensive patients with diabetes and coronary artery disease.Jama,304(1), 61-68. Graham, D. J., Ouellet-Hellstrom, R., MaCurdy, T. E., Ali, F., Sholley, C., Worrall, C., Kelman, J. A. (2010). Risk of acute myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, and death in elderly Medicare patients treated with rosiglitazone or pioglitazone.Jama,304(4), 411-418. Hemphill, J. C., Greenberg, S. M., Anderson, C. S., Becker, K., Bendok, B. R., Cushman, M., ... Scott, P. A. (2015). Guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.Stroke,46(7), 2032-2060. Kemp, C. D., Conte, J. V. (2012). The pathophysiology of heart failure.Cardiovascular Pathology,21(5), 365-371. Riegel, B., Dickson, V. V., Faulkner, K. M. (2016). The situation-specific theory of heart failure self-care: revised and updated.Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing,31(3), 226-235. Rutledge, T., Redwine, L. S., Linke, S. E., Mills, P. J. (2013). A meta-analysis of mental health treatments and cardiac rehabilitation for improving clinical outcomes and depression among patients with coronary heart disease.Psychosomatic medicine,75(4), 335-349. van Vark, L. C., Bertrand, M., Akkerhuis, K. M., Brugts, J. J., Fox, K., Mourad, J. J., Boersma, E. (2012). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors reduce mortality in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials of reninangiotensinaldosterone system inhibitors involving 158 998 patients.European heart journal,33(16), 2088-2097.

World Energy Consumption Essay Example

World Energy Consumption Essay World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth [6] Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism . Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. Onthe one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend.On the other hand, China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of energy. In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1. 1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0. 6% in 2009). [7] This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, sp ecifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4. 7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels.In North America, Europe and CIS, consumptions shrank by 4. 5%, 5% and 8. 5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the worlds largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the worlds energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total. In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474? 1018 J=132,000 TWh).This is equivalent to an average annual power consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1. 504? 1013 W)[1] The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ ( 14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh). [8] World energy resources and consumption review the world energy resources and use. More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability. 9] According to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%, annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%. [10] Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm ), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1% (269/20,181 TWh). [11] Most of the worlds energy resources are from the suns rays hitting earth.Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earths atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1366 watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about 6. 9% during a year—from 1412 W m? in early January to 1321 W m? 2 in early July, due to the Earths varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand from day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127,400,000 km2, the total energy rate is 174 petawatts (1. 740? 1017 W), plus or minus 3. 5%. This value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW, reaches the Earths surface. [citation needed] The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0. YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available nu clear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2. 5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0. 6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total energy flux from the sun is 3. 8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources. |Contents | |1 Emissions | |2 Primary energy | |2. 1 Fossil fuels | |2. 2 Coal | 2. 3 Oil | |2. 4 Gas | |2. 5 Nuclear power | |2. 6 Renewable energy | |2. 6. 1 Hydropower | |2. 6. 2 Biomass and biofuels | |2. 6. 3 Wind power | |2. 6. 4 Solar power | |2. 6. 5 Geothermal | |3 By country | 4 By sector | |5 Alternative energy paths | |6 See also | |7 References | |8 Further reading | |9 External links | Emissions The global warming emissions are the most serious global environmental problem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous influence in the climate system. What is dangerous concentration is a subject of debate.Limiting global temperature rise at 2%, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in 2050. [12] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decrease every year. As 2011, the warming emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. There is a 25–30 years lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1,5 Â °C temperature rise (2006). 13] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for security civilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state (2009). [14] Primary energy |World energy and power supply (TWh)[15] | | |Energy |Power | |1990 |102,569 |11,821 | |2000 |117,687 |15,395 | |2005 |133,602 |18,258 | |2008 |143,851 |20,181 | |Source: IEA/OECD | Energy by power source 2008[16] | | |TWh | % | |Oil |48,204 |33,5% | |Coal |38,497 |26,8% | |Gas |30,134 |20,9% | |Nuclear |8,283 |5,8% | |Hydro |3,208 |2,2% | |Other RE* |15,284 |10,6% | |Others |241 |0,2% | |Total |143,851 |100% | |Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels | The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008).World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4,1 fold, EU 1,9 fold and Middle East 1,6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30% of the world average. [17] In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33. 5%, coal 26. 8%, gas 20. 8% (fossil 81%), renewable (hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and bi ofuels) 12. 9%, nuclear 5. 8% and other 4%. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in 2008.Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e. g. 2007–2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[18][16] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008. [19] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy. Regional energy use (kWh/hab)[20][21] | | |kWh/capita |Population (milj) | | | |Fuel type |Average power in TW[22] | | | Fossil fuels Main article: Fossil fuel |Regional co al supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[23] | | | The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%. 1] According to the US Energy Information Administrations 2006 estimate, the estimated 471. 8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the worlds energy: Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil. 24] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U. S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world. [25] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal, which is one of the dirtiest sources of energy,[26] was the fastest growing fossil fuel. [27] Coal In 2000 coal was used in China 28%, other Asia 19%,North America 25% and the EU 14%.In 2009 the share of China was 47%. [23] [edit] Oil |Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[28] | | | The use of oil doubled in China during 2000–2009. In 2009 the consumption of oil was in the EU 1,6 fold and North America 2. 5 fold compared to China. [28] [edit] Gas |Regional gas supply (TWh)[29] | | | In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was outside EU, North America Latin Amer ica and Russia.Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8. 6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009. [30] [edit] Nuclear power As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors. [31] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009. [31][32] Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1. 8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the worlds electricity demand. [33] Renewable energy Main article: Renewable energyIn 2008, Renewable Energy Policy Network for 21st Century[38] reported that renewable energy supplied around 19% of the worlds energy consumption. [39] It should be noted, however, that 68% of energy consumption counted as renewable came in the form of traditional biomass energy, i. e. plant and animal mat ter for heat and cooking fire in developing regions. [39] The renewables sector has been growing significantly since the last years of the 20th century, and in 2009 the total new investment was estimated to have been 150 billion US dollars. [40] This resulted in an additional 80 GW of capacity during the year. [41] Hydropower Main article: hydropowerWorldwide hydroelectricity installed capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10. 9 GW was added by China, Brazil, and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the worlds small hydro plants are now located. China is the largest hydropower producer in the world, and continues to add capacity. In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmen tal concerns. 42] The trend in both Canada and the United States has been to micro hydro because it has negligible environmental impacts and opens up many more locations for power generation. In British Columbia alone, the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to more than double electricity production in the province. Biomass and biofuels Main articles: biomass and biofuel Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain.A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded. [3] World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8. 72 billion US gallons), with mos t of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil. [3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3. 9 billion litres (1. 03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany. [3] Wind power Main article: Wind power At the end of 2009, worldwide wind farm capacity was 157,900 MW, representing an increase of 31 percent during the year,[43] and wind power supplied some 1. % of global electricity consumption. [44] Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland. [45] The United States is an important growth area and installed U. S. wind power capacity reached 25,170 MW at the end of 2008. [46] Solar power Main article: Solar energy The available solar energy resources are 3. 8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0. 02% of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nucle ar power as an energy source. Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159.In practice, neither will actually run out as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle. [47][48][49] The rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramatically because the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves would not last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes more economically viable. In 2007 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing energy source, with installations of all photovoltaics increasing by 83% in 2009 to bring the total installed capacity to 15 GW.Nearly half of the increase was in Germany, which is now the worlds largest consumer of photovoltaic electricity (followed by Japan). Solar cell production increased by 50% in 2007, to 3,800 megawatts, and has been doubling every two years. [50] The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded. [3] Geothermal Main article: Geothermal power Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries. [51] In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating.In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps. [3][52] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW. [51] By country See also: Energy by country and List of countries by energy consumption per capita Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national pr oduct and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with 6 kWh per person and United States with 11. 4 kWh per person.In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use is closer to 0. 7 kWh. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption with 0. 2 kWh per person. The US consumes 25% of the worlds energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4. 59. [53] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5. 5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1. 3 billion people (19. 6% of the world population[53]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1. 6 kWh per person. One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product. By sector World energy use per se ctor[54] | | |2000 |2008 | |Industry | Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total. [55] The other 27% of the worlds energy is lost in energy transmission and generation.In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%. [56] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the worlds electricity plants. [57] Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000. [54] [edit] Alternative energy paths Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations.Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmark and Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated 18. 5% of all the electricity in Denmark. [58] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane, which is now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made large investments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters of its electricity comes from nuclear reactors. [59] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000-watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for all new housing by 2016.